Latin and Middle East history religion & politics

THE DRUZE IN ISRAEL..

2009-08-11T21:30:00.001-05:00

Interesting read on the Druze in the area of my homeland....

The Druze in Israel
by Dr. Naim Aridi

Dr. Naim Aridi is an author and educator with a doctorate in Hebrew Literature. He lectures at Gordon College and the College for Arab Teachers, in Haifa. He resides in Maghar.

The Druze community in Israel is officially recognized as a separate religious entity with its own courts (with jurisdiction in matters of personal status - marriage, divorce, maintenance and adoption) and spiritual leadership. Their culture is Arab and their language Arabic but they opted against mainstream Arab nationalism in 1948 and have since served (first as volunteers, later within the draft system) in the Israel Defense Forces and the Border Police.

Worldwide there are probably about one million Druze living mainly in Syria and Lebanon, with 104,000 in Israel, including about 18,000 in the Golan (which came under Israeli rule in 1967) and several thousands who emigrated to Europe and North and South America.

The Druze community in Israel has a special standing among the country's minority groups, and members of the community have attained high-level positions in the political, public and military spheres.


	Druze soldiers participate in Israel's first Independence Day Parade, 1949 Photo: GPO		Historical Background The Druze religion has its roots in Ismailism, a religio-philosophical movement which founded the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt in the tenth century. During the reign of al-Hakim (996 - 1021) the Druze creed came into being, blending Islamic monotheism with Greek philosophy and Hindu influences. Active proselytizing of the new creed was brief; since about 1050 the community has been closed to outsiders. The first Druze settled in what is now southern Lebanon and northern Israel. By the time of the Ottoman conquest of Syria (1516), Druze also lived in the hill country near Aleppo, and Sultan Selim I recognized Fakhr al-Din as Emir of the Druze, with local authority. Civil strife between the Lebanese Druze and the Maronite Christians ended in 1860 with the autonomous administration of Mt. Lebanon, which was imposed by the great powers. The Druze never regained ascendancy in the region and the center of the community passed to Mt. Hauran in Syria, which became known as Jebel-el-Druze (Mountain of the Druze) - the name formerly synonymous with Mt. Lebanon. Until the end of Ottoman rule (1918), the Druze were governed by emirs, as a semi-autonomous community. In 1921 the French tried to set up a Druze state under the French Mandate, but the attempt failed. The Druze in Galilee and on Mount Carmel have always kept in contact with the other branches of the community, especially with those of Mt. Hermon and Lebanon. During the British Mandate over Palestine they refrained from taking part in the Arab-Jewish conflict, and during Israel's War of Independence (1948) became active participants on Israel's side.


	Sheikh Amin Tarif, longtime spiritual leader of the Israeli Druze community. In the background, the Druze flag.		Beliefs and Traditions The Druze consider their faith to be a new interpretation of the three monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. For them, the traditional story of the Creation is a parable, which describes Adam not as the first human being, but as the first person to believe in one god. Since then, the idea of monotheism has been disseminated by "emissaries" or prophets, guided by "mentors" who embody the spirit of monotheism. The mentors and prophets come from all three religions, and include Jethro and Moses, John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth, and Salman the Persian and Mohammed - all reincarnations of the same monotheistic idea. In addition, the Druze hold other influential people - regardless of their religion - in great esteem, as the advocates of justice and belief in one god. These include the Egyptian Akhenaton, the Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, and Alexander the Great. Although the Druze recognize all three monotheistic religions, they believe that rituals and ceremonies have caused Jews, Christians, and Muslims to turn aside from "pure faith". They argue that individuals who believe that God will forgive them if they fast and pray, will commit transgressions in the expectation of being forgiven - and then repeat their sins. The Druze thus eliminated all elements of ritual and ceremony; there is no fixed daily liturgy, no defined holy days, and no pilgrimage obligations. The Druze perform their spiritual reckoning with God at all times, and consequently need no special days of fasting or atonement. The Druze religion is secret and closed to converts. From the theological perspective, the secrecy derives from the tenet that the gates of the religion were open to new believers for the space of a generation when it was first revealed and everyone was invited to join. Since in their belief everyone alive today is the reincarnation of someone who lived at that time, there is no reason to allow them to join today. Therefore, the Druze refrain from missionizing, and no member of another religion can become Druze. Druze religious books are accessible only to the initiates, the uqqal ("knowers"). The juhal ("ignorant ones") accept the faith on the basis of the tradition handed down from generation to generation.


	Druze elders Photo: N.Shefer		Tenets and Precepts The Druze religion has no ceremonies or rituals, and no obligation to perform precepts in public. The main tenets that obligate all Druze, both uqqal and juhal, are: Speaking the truth (instead of prayer) Supporting your brethren (instead of charity) Abandoning the old creeds (instead of fasting) Purification from heresy (instead of pilgrimage) Accepting the unity of God Submitting to the will of God (instead of holy war) The uqqal are bound by more precepts than the juhal. Their external appearance is also different: the men have a shaven head covered by a white turban, a mustache and a beard; the women wear a white head scarf, called a naqab. The most pious among the women hide all their hair under a separate covering, the iraqiyah, which is fastened around the head underneath the white scarf. Druze are forbidden to eat pork, smoke, or drink alcohol.


	Photo: N.Shefer		Druze Women Druze women can attain positions of religious significance, and some have indeed achieved high rank. Regarding personal status, their rights are almost identical to those of men; actually, Druze women are preferred over men in joining the uqqal, because they are considered to be better "spiritually prepared". Consequently, there are more women than men among the uqqal. Female uqqal take part in the religious assemblies in the hilwah (prayer house), but sit separately from the men. Uqqal men and women usually intermarry. If a juhal wishes to marry a member of the uqqal, the former is expected to declare in advance his/her intention to join in the near future. Druze men, both uqqal and juhal, may not have more than one wife, nor may they remarry their divorced wife, or even be under the same roof with her. Also, a male uqqal may not be alone with a woman who is not a close relative (spouse, daughter, sister, mother) nor even respond to her greeting unless a third person is present. Both men and women are encouraged to guard themselves against immodest or impulsive behavior.


	Photo: N.Shefer		The Druze Educational System Since the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, the Druze educational system has flourished. In 1948/49, only 981 Druze were enrolled in school - 881 boys and 100 girls. Some 30 years later, there were 18,729 Druze students, an increase by a factor of 19. Today there are over 30,000 Druze students in the school system - some 2.3% of all pupils in Israel, although the representation of Druze in the general population is only 1.6%. Druze Revered Sites in Israel ince there is no ritual or ceremony in the Druze religion, there is also no sanctification of physical places. However, the Druze gradually instituted gatherings at significant sites for the purpose of discussing community affairs, and over time such gatherings have taken on the meaning of a sort of religious holiday. Most of the regional assembly places are located in or near Druze villages in upper and western Galilee, in the Golan and on Mount Carmel.


	Tomb of Nebi Shu'eib (Jethro's Tomb)		Jethro's Tomb One of the most important Druze gathering sites is the tomb of Nebi Shu'eib - the prophet Jethro - at the Horns of Hittin, overlooking Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee). According to Druze tradition, Saladin had a dream on the eve of his battle against the Crusaders at this site, in which an angel promised him victory on condition that after the battle he gallop westward on his horse. Where the stallion would pull up, the angel promised, he would find the burial site of Nebi Sheuib. When the dream came true, the Druze built a tomb at the site, next to which is a rock bearing a footprint, believed to be that of Nebi Sheuibhimself. On April 25 each year, the Druze gather at the site to discuss community affairs. The older section of the existing structure was built by the Druze in the 1880s, after the spiritual leader of the community, Sheikh Mahna Tarif of Julis, summoned an assembly to discuss its construction. A delegation of uqqal traveled to Syria and Lebanon and collected funds for this purpose, and the local Druze also contributed extensively. Renovation work and additions to the building continued throughout the years of the British Mandate, and more intensively after 1948. In recent years access to the site has been improved and connected to electricity and water, with funding from the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare and various other government ministries, as well as from the Minorities Unit of the IDF. Sabalan's Tomb Sabalan was a Druze prophet, believed to be either Zebulun, the sixth son of the Patriarch Jacob, or one of the emissaries who propagated the Druze religion in the eleventh century. Sabalan's tomb is located above the Druze village of Hurfeish (see Druze towns and villages). It is the site of an annual festive pilgrimage and is visited throughout the year by those who have taken a vow to do so.


			Nabi al-Khadr Al-Khadr means "green" in Arabic. It is also the name given to the Prophet Elijah in Muslim tradition. His tomb is to be found in Kafr Yasif, near Akko. Members of the Druze community gather at his tomb on January 25th. Tomb of Al-Ya'afuri The prophet Al-Ya'afuri is not mentioned in any other religion, and the name is neither Arabic nor Persian. His tomb, located near the village of Majdal Shams in the Golan, is considered to be an important place for the Druze. Nabi Zakarya This is, in all likelihood, the Jewish prophet Zechariah. His tomb is located in the village of Abu Sinan near Akko. It is a very modest site; there is no set date for gatherings there.


			Tomb of Abu Ibrahim Another minor shrine, the tomb of Abu Ibrahim attracts Druze from all over Israel, in fulfillment of vows and to receive a blessing. It is located in the town of Daliyat el-Carmel on Mount Carmel. Tomb of Abu Abdallah This tomb is visited almost exclusively by residents of the village of Isfiya in which it is located.

Daliyat el-Carmel

Beit Jan

Tomb of Sheikh Amin Tarif in his house in Julis

Statue of the Sultan el-Atrash in Hurfeish

Druze Towns and Villages

Most of the Druze towns and villages in Israel are populated exclusively by Druze, although over the last century a minority of Christians and Muslims have become residents in some of them. They are located in the north of the country, mainly on hilltops; historically as a defense against attack and persecution.

The largest Druze town in Israel (and the most southern) is Daliyat el-Carmel, located on Mount Carmel in the heart of the Carmel National Park, southeast of Haifa. Established some 400 years ago, Daliyat el-Carmel has a population of 13,000 Druze residents, who trace their ancestry to the hill country near Aleppo (Halab) in northern Syria, attested to by their strong Aleppo accent and the name of the largest family in the village - Halabi. The large market in the center of the town boasting traditional Druze and Arab products draws tourists from Israel and from abroad, and there is a memorial center for fallen Druze IDF soldiers. The shrine of Abu Ibrahim is located in Daliyat el-Carmel, and the ruins of several Druze villages are located in the vicinity.

Isfiya, also on Mount Carmel, was built on the ruins of a Byzantine settlement. Many Crusader ornaments and relics found on the walls and in the houses led historians to believe that the village was once a Crusader center. In 1930, remains of the fifth-century Jewish settlement of Husifah were unearthed in the village. They include a synagogue with a mosaic floor bearing Jewish symbols and the inscription "Peace upon Israel", and some 4,500 gold coins dating from the Roman Period. The modern village was founded in the early eighteenth century, when residents made their living from the olive oil, honey and the excellent grapes growing in the region. Some 9,000 people live today in Isfiya: 70% Druze, the rest Christians and Muslims. The tomb of Abu Abdallah is located here.

Northeast of Haifa is the village of Shfar'am, a settlement with ancient roots. Shfar'am is mentioned in the Talmud, and in the second century was the seat of the Sanhedrin (the supreme Jewish religious and judicial body). The Jewish community in Shfar'am, dating from the end of the Middle Ages, slowly dwindled away during the 19th and early 20th century. Some 27,000 Druze, Christians and Muslims live in Shfar'am today, and the village has a number of holy sites and prayer houses for all three communities, as well as housing for discharged Druze soldiers.

Further north, overlooking Lake Kinneret, is Maghar, believed to be the site of the city of Ma'ariya, where a priestly family lived in Talmudic times. Historical sources mention the many olive trees surrounding the village, which still thrive there today. Some 17,000 people live in Maghar today - 60% Druze, 20% Muslim and 20% Christian.

The village of Rama (population 7,000) north of Maghar, was built on the site of the ancient biblical town of Ramot Naftali. Rama is noted for its level of culture, dating back to the Mandate Period; in 1948, the proportion of physicians, attorneys, and engineers in Rama was the highest in the Arab sector. Nearby is the smaller village of Sajur.

Located north of Rama, on the peak of Mt. Meron, is the all-Druze village of Beit Jan. The village is situated at the highest point in Israel (940 meters above sea level), and has a population of some 9,000. Not far away is Peki'in, one of the most ancient villages in the country. It was frequently mentioned in historical sources from the thirteenth century onward, noting its many springs, flourishing gardens and orchards, and its small Jewish community, which has been present there almost continuously since the Second Temple period. In and near the village are significant sites for Druze and Jews, including a restored Jewish synagogue dating back to the Roman Period. The oldest Druze school in the region was established in Peki'in by the Russian church at the end of the nineteenth century.

Ein el-Asad, the only all-Druze village founded in the twentieth century, is located nearby. The village's original residents came from Beit Jan and from Syria and Lebanon. Kafr Sumei', west of Peki'in, is thought to be the site of Kefar Sama, mentioned in ancient Hebrew literature.

South of Kafr Sumei', Kisra was the smallest Druze village in the country in the nineteenth century. The village now has about 3,500 residents. The nearby village of Yanuah is mentioned in the Bible (as Janoah), the Talmud, and Crusader documents. Next to the village is the shrine of the Muslim prophet Shams.

The only all-Druze town in western Galilee, Yirka, is the site of one of the largest factories in the Middle East: the steel mill belonging to the Kadmani Brothers. The factory has enabled the village to develop a large commercial and industrial zone. Home to about 11,000 Druze, Yirka has a number of important sites, the most significant of which is the tomb of Sheikh Abu Saraya Ghanem, an important Druze religious scholar of the early eleventh century.

Abu Sinan, another large Druze town in the area, is mentioned in Crusader documents from the year 1250, as the fortress of "Busnen". Abu Sinan became important during the reign of the Druze Emir Fahr ed-Din al-Mani, who built a palace there for his son Ali in 1617. Today Abu Sinan is home to about 10,000 persons - 35% Druze and the rest Christians and Muslims. The tombs of the prophet Zechariah and Sheikh al-Hanbali are located in the town.

South of Abu Sinan is the tranquil village of Julis, homeof Sheikh Amin Tarif, the longtime spiritual leader of the Israeli Druze community, who died in October 1993. His grandson Saleh Tarif, who lives in Julis, was the first Druze to be appointed a minister in the Israeli government.

Druze have lived in Jat, a small village northeast of Abu Sinan, since the eleventh century. Druze sacred texts mention Sheikh Abu Arus, who was responsible for the propagation of the Druze faith in the region, and was buried in the village. The population of Jat today numbers some 8,000.

The village of Hurfeish is situated on the road that runs east from the coastal town of Nahariya, and the site of the tomb of the important prophet Sablan. On September 10th each year, Druze come to celebrate his festival in the village. In 1972, a monument was erected in Hurfeish in memory of Druze soldiers who fell serving with the Israel Defense Forces.

Druze children playing in their schoolyard in Majdal Shams, on the Golan Heights

Druze Villages in the Golan

With some 8,000 residents, Majdal Shams is considered to be the center of the Druze community in the Golan. The most important residents - both spiritually and politically - are the Abu-Salah and Safdie families. Majdal Shams is situated in the southern foothills of Mt. Hermon, and is surrounded by thousands of dunams of orchards, the main crops of which include first class apples and cherries.

Most of the 3,000 inhabitants of Mas'ada, originate from the Abu-Salah and Safdie families of Majdal Shams. Originally founded as a farm south of Majdal Shams, over time Mas'ada developed into a large village involved in agricultural production.

South of Mas'ada is the village of Buka'ata. It was founded over 100 years ago when a family feud in Majdal Shams resulted in many inhabitants fleeing acts of retribution and revenge. Today, the 5,000 residents earn their livelihood from growing apples and grapes.

Ein Kenya lies in the southwestern foothills of Mt Hermon, above the Banyas Nature Reserve. Until the Six Day War (1967), the inhabitants of Ein Kenya included Christians, but today its 1,600 inhabitants are exclusively Druze.

* * *

The integration of the Druze community in the IDF (2009)

Within the State of Israel there are currently 120,000 Druze, 100,000 of whom live in the Galilee and Carmel, with the rest in the Golan Heights. The relationship between the Druze community and the Jewish community is based on a common goal - to protect the State of Israel.

Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the Druze have been volunteers in the IDF, serving in a battalion which includes Druze, Bedouins, and Circassians.

In 1956, following an agreement with the Head of the Druze community, a law was passed obligating Druze men to join the IDF. With this, the ‘Druze Battalion’ was born.

The Herev Battalion, also known as the ‘Druze Battalion’, is a ground force battalion in the regular forces of the IDF, consisting primarily of Druze. The battalion was established in 1974, following a decision made to integrate all minority units under one command. Its name, which translates into the “Battalion of the Sword” is based upon the Druze affinity to the sword as a weapon.

The Druze soldiers’ level of professionalism and their devotion to the IDF render them a significant contribution to the strength of the IDF and its ability to face any challenge posed to it. Today, Druze soldiers serve in a number of positions in the IDF, including:

Combat

Combat Support

Intelligence

Medical Corps

Military Colleges

Technology and Logistics

Timeline

1956 - Druze compulsory service law passed
1979 - Druze battalion formed and Druze commander appointed
1982 - “Profession Revolution” – All positions opened for Druze
1992 - First Druze passes Naval Combat Officer Training Course
1997 - First Druze in Air Force Combat Pilot course
2001 - First Druze Major General: MG Yossi Mishlev appointed Home-Front Commander
2003 - First Druze Navigator and First Druze Naval Frogman
2007 - First Druze in elite Sayeret Matkal unit
2008 - BG Hasson appointed President’s Military Secretary

2009-05-17T14:34:00.002-05:00

I found this article on Drudge and also on Lame Cherry which I read often. I like the Lame Cherry Blog; he or she has very good writings. Though I don't agree with everything he or she writes, the writings in this blog are exccelant and at times thought provoking I give Lame Cherry a big thumbs up. Even though at times some of the writings make you scratch your head and you ask yourself.. (What???) Exccelant article Though. In which I agree alot on.

Saturday, May 16, 2009

The Queen is not Amused

While America is meandering through a house cleaning of Nancy Pelosi in her lying and despicable actions, there is something much greater occurring in Great Britain which is most interesting.

I doubt if people will remember the statements here that the old family lines will break along the tribal patterns as they always do before wars start. The real Israelites of the lost 10 tribes of western Europe, along with America and the British Independents like Canada will form a line in the years coming up to the great Eurasian World War.
For the past years a social globalist ilk has ruled England in Tony Blair and now Gordon Brown, but something is changing dramatically in England which seemed impossible just months ago and the reports indicate the Queen has her hand in it just as the King did in the days before World War II blossomed and Winston Churchill was summoned to lead England out of the abyss which liberals had plunged it for peace in their time.

What started this was "someone" a shadowy figure started leaking all the embezzlement which Gordon Brown's liberal party had been plundering England over. This was deliberate and the Queen summoned Prime Minister Brown, informing him she is not amused.
The first salvo was being fired at Brown in picturing him with Nazi swastikas in the British press and he is now gone into complete free fall, along with his leftist party.

Reports indicate that UKIP, the United Kingdom Independence Party, is about to supplant Brown's Labor in the upcoming elections. That is huge in this party will lead the English out of the European Union, which according to Biblical prophesy is going to form the Beast of Revelation, as in the Mark of the Beast.
Yes children while so many experts have been ranting on about America being the bad guys and this globalist realm, the Bible points directly to the city which sits upon the hills, as in Rome, the Roman Empire reborn as initiating a system which no one will be able to buy or sell without it's mark.

For these lines as predicted to be forming strongly, it is a conclusion God's hand is guiding this and that people are going to be guided to perform the acts to fulfill prophesy.
Events are overtaking the very people who seemed untouchable. Who would in January thought people would be speculating how long Nancy Pelosi had before she was ousted over her lying.

Even the Tories are being quoted as Prince Charles friend in this to leave the impression the right and the independents are being given the nod as the choice of the British Royal family who are holding King David's throne, the one Jesus will come back for.
The Queen is at this point flexing her muscle which is highly interesting as she is not supposed to be doing anything of the sort as it is more friendly advise and consent, but currently she is being shown as the one who will dissolve Parliament and passing legislation.

None of this just happening by accident. This was planned and I suspect that the British loyalists and the Queen have figured out what this blog has been stating for months in the real enemy is the central European axis who started this economic attack in France to blame them in order to fille them off from the west.
I'm actually a bit interested in this as God has a long history for his children of Isaac in raising up select leaders in the worst of times. Just as John the Baptist was in the spirit and power of Elijah as prophesied, one would conclude in the worst of tribulation that God has someone like Winston Churchill on the fires of England to offset the anti christ to come out of Europe.

I will point this out again. Barack Obama is not going to be our Lincoln. He is the precursor which set the literal frequency for the anti christ as that is his role as a son of wrath.
I will reveal something no one else has and what no one else knows. There is a Moses on America's horizon for the coming times and God has chosen him to serve. There is though going to be a time of judgment, but God is not going to leave His children. He will be their Guide, but there will be one to prepare the Way.

So brother Ephraim has gotten my attention in the Queen being not only not amused, but governing. Some oracles point to a time when her grandson might be kidnapped by the Libyans. If it is King Charles, he had better keep those children in their playpen so as not to give any opening for leverage against what will be the American front in Europe.
I still hope the French awaken in their Reubenite brotherhood with America, but Reuben when the body is in the well has always come to his senses.
Netanyahu is already in position for the bow of Ephraim and the arrow of America.

Remember in these current times, that God did not choose these Saulite leaders. He gave the tribes what they desired and will punish them for it. The coming leaders to the west will be those God intends as firebrands in His hands for the good fight ahead when all seems lost.

Remember though that today's popular leader in polls just might be tomorrows resignation or defeated in a landslide as God sets the leadership right.

I do so hope though there is a Winston coming, and this time, I pray it will be a Reagan joined with him or a Reaganette with a Spiritual Moses to lead her, and not a naive globalist like FDR.

The world is close and when things move quickly in today's leaders are tomorrows castaways, that is the hand of God for a purpose.

God's will be accomplished in Jesus Name. Amen

agtG 249

God must be the One Who saves.

Ark of the Covenant found in ancient ARABIA??

2009-02-28T11:23:00.003-06:00

New Discovery Supports Belief That
Ark Of The Covenant Is In Yemen

Five lines of ancient script on a shard of pottery could be the oldest example of Hebrew writing ever discovered, an archaeologist in Israel says.

November 1, 2008 -- The shard [right] was found by a teenage volunteer during a dig about 20km (12 miles) south-west of Jerusalem. It contains symbols believed to be that of an ancient alphabet called proto-Canaanite or First Tongue.

Experts at Hebrew University said dating showed it was written 3,000 years ago - about 1,000 years earlier than the Dead Sea Scrolls. This era roughly corresponds to the time of the First Temple, ruled by the biblical figures of David and Solomon and may predate the time this same alphabet was being used by the Queen of Sheba (allegedly wed to Solomon) in what is now Yemen.

Scripts in Yemen appear to be written in this same alphabet and translations, using ancient Hebrew, describe the burial of the Ark of Moses at a site near Mareb -- in the ancient kingdom of Saba.

Scientists caution that further study is needed to understand this.

Above: proto-Canaanite alphabet used by Gary Vey and John McGovern in their global research with this ancient language (aka: "First Tongue" and "Old Negev").

The use of this language in early Hebrew history would explain why the same language was used in the ancient kingdom of Saba (Sheba). In legend and in the Holy Quaran, it is suggested that the Queen Sheba was invited to visit King Solomon, at which time they wed and had a son, Menelik. Further research by Gary Vey and John McGovern has shown that the recently uncovered palace of the Queen, in Mareb, Yemen, bares inscriptions in the same alphabet that describe the relocation of the famed Ark of the Covenant to the site by Solomon's son following the destruction of Jerusalem. Both Vey and McGovern believe it remains there today.

The elaborate dam-wall was constructed to hide and protect a chamber where the Ark was buried, along with Solomon and Sheba's son, Menelik, until such time as "friendly nations" were overhead.

The archaeological site is located in Mareb, Yemen, in what is known as the "empty quarter." This is a very dry and desolate environment with sand dunes and kilometers of empty space. As the wind moved the dunes, Bedouins would get momentary glimpses of buried foudations and walls, only to have them covered again by time and more sand. Rumors of a large wall led archaeologists to uncover a huge complex which has become the most secret site in the mid-East. A large stone wall some 60 feet high and 15 feet thick forms an oval that protects a large courtyard which has yet to be excavated. On the wall there was a stream of symbols that could not be translated.

In 2001 a team from the University of Calgary briefly took control of the site and cleared the entire wall of sand, revealing the full script. Photographs of the wall made its way to America where Gary Vey, editor of viewzone.com, had been working with the same alphabet for a few years and had successfully translated other examples of the script, found oddly enough in Colorado and the Israeli Negev desert, by using an old Hebrew dialect. The site has been a dangerous extremist outpost since September 2001 and no further work has been done there.

Academics were critical of Vey's work because a similar alphabet had been used in Ethiopia around 500 AD and translated using a form of Arabic. They doubted that Hebrew could be used; however, in 2001 Vey successfully translated portions of the wall's script from photographs (see above).

The results revealed a prose describing the "box of El" and spoke about a "son" and "father." Vey later learned this was a reference to the Ark, Solomon and Sheba's son, Menelik, and to the "father" - Solomon himself.

Editor's Note:
In the 1990s, Dr. James Harris of BYU, along with Dann Hoane, succeeded in establishing the algorithm for the oldest alphabetical system yet discovered. The team brilliantly assigned sound values based on the pre-Thamudic (early Hebrew and Aramaic) dialects instead of sounds used in Arabic dialects. The results were dramatic.

Prior to their discovery it was believed that Southern Arabia held the root language on which the first alphabet was based. This was because the old signs were found in Ethiopia and Yemen. While other similar inscriptions were found in the Sinai, it was thought that these were from people that migrated from the South, and who spoke Arabic.

Viewzone's expedition to Yemen in 2001, showed the possibility that the language originated in the Sinai and was brought to Yemen through the marriage of Solomon (King of Israel) and Queen Sheba (Yemen). The Queen's conversion from belief in planetary deities (the Sun and Moon) to the One God would almost require that the pre-Thamudic language of old the Judaic texts should be taught and used as the official tongue. The birth of their child, Menelik, also would have strengthened the reliance on the language of Israel since Menelik subsequently received the responsibility for caring for the Ark of the Covenant when Israel was invaded by the Assyrians. Indeed, many of the texts found at the Queen's palace, dated to the second millennium BC., have been successfully translated using the old Hebrew algorithm and dialect discovered by Harris and Hoane. And many of these texts speak of the union of the Queen with Solomon and the important prophecies given to Menelik by the Lord, EL, supposedly through the Ark.

Surprisingly, the same alphabet has also been found, dated and translated in other areas of the globe. Multiple inscriptions are grouped in Southeast Colorado and many more are scattered around the major Oceans and waterways of our planet. This may suggest that the alphabet was indeed the earliest one, based on Egyptian hieroglyphics, and was spread globally by an intelligent sea-faring culture at least 4 millennia ago.

What follows is a brief history of the language, including the important contributions made by Harris and Hoane, and which has been copied from an old web site that was accessible just prior to the death of James Harris.

The author spoke with Harris many times and developed a computer program to help translate the symbols in to English (see translation program) using JavaScript and Explorer.

The History of the First Tongue: Prior to Viewzone (1905 to 1998) Sir William Flinders Petrie (1905) Up to the beginning of this century, the Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone, a royal inscription of a king of Moab named Mesha, ca. 850 BCE) was the earliest known alphabetic inscription. Speculation on the origin of West Semitic alphabets was based largely on the Bible, or traditional attempts to reconstruct the past.

In the winter of 1904-1905 Sir Wm. Flinders Petrie discovered the inscriptions at Serabit el-Khadim that became known as Proto-Sinaitic. Petrie reached the conclusion that the inscriptions were alphabetic but made no attempt to identify any related offshoots. An exhibition catalogue was published in 1905 and an expedition report in 1906.

Sir Alan Gardiner (1916)

A major breakthrough came with the decipherment of the word b'lt, (B'alat) by Sir Alan Gardiner in 1916. Gardiner concluded that the Sinaitic signs were created by reforming Egyptian Hieroglyphic signs based upon their acrophonic value. His reasoning has been found to be sound and his work continues to be the foundation upon which progress advances to the present. His early decipherment's are called the B'alat inscriptions (b`lt).

C. Hubert Grimme and A. Van den Branden (1929's)

Hubert Grimme stood alone, with modest support from Van den Brenden, in postulating the existence of a pre-Thamudic alphabet, and rejected the notion that Thamudic scripts evolved from the South Arabic script. He was never able to find such a script (possibly because he looked for it in the wrong desert). Had he looked closer to the birthplace of West Semitic scripts he may have recognized "Old Thamudic" (Old Negev) which was the most probable parent of the Arabian scripts. While Grimme's translations may have some serious defects [the same can be said of all translations before and since his time] his sign lists showing the correspondence of Proto-Sinaitic &Proto-Canaanite to Egyptian Hieroglyphic signs is very helpful and was as well done as any others of more recent vintage.

II. The Harvard Expeditions (1927 and 1930)

In 1927 a Harvard University Expedition in the Sinai made a side trip upon their return from Santa Catherina through Serabit el-Khadim.

They removed some inscriptions left by Petrie and delivered them to the Cairo Museum. They also increased the corpus of Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions by three (Lake, Blake, and Butin 1928).

1930-35

The above effort was a prelude to a much more ambitious and well planned under-taking by Harvard University. From 1930 to 1935 Harvard and the Catholic University of America worked at Serabit el-Khadim and uncovered ten more inscriptions from the area (Butin, New, Lake and Barrois 1932; and Butin, and Starr 1936).

Decades of the 20th Century When Research Lagged

It seems possible that during the decades of the thirties through the fifties West Semitic scholars accepted earlier reconstruction's of alphabetic origins as solid facts and assumed that all essential questions had been adequately answered. In the era of this mind set Winnett, of the University of Toronto, attempted to translate what he called, "Thamudic of the Negev."

Scripts of Pre-Dialects:
Fredrich V. Winnett & Emmanuel Anati (1959)

Winnett was a tireless researcher of the nine or ten pre-Arabic scripts of the Arabian Desert, among which he spent a major part of his professional life. He also attempted to reconstruct the emergence, and identify some relationships, between these alphabets. No doubt his work with pre-Arabic scripts was excellent but his brief exposure to Old Negev resulted in his participation in perpetuating the error that the Negev inscriptions were graffiti left by post Thamudic vagabonds. The extensive research and study of J. R. Harris & D. W Hone has led to a more probable and substantial conclusion, i.e. that the Negev inscriptions are Post Proto-Canaanite and the major parent script of the pre-Arabic Thamudic scripts.

In 1959 Winnett published an article in Atiqot, Vol. 2, pp. 146-149 titled, "Thamudic Inscriptions from the Negev." The four pages of this article contained fourteen inscriptions, one of which he pronounced "Illegible" (No. 10393), two of the remaining thirteen were composed of three and four lines respectively and the remaining ten were one liners. The introduction paragraph contained the following information:

The following graffiti (fig. 1. pl. XXII), which Mr. E. Anati has very kindly allowed me to study, are all of the type which in my study of the Lihyanite and Thamudic Inscriptions, Toronto, 1937, I labeled Thamudic C and dated to the 1st or 2nd centuries C.E. (p. 52). They may be as late as the 3rd century (see A. VAN DEN BRANDEN, Les inscriptions thamudeennes, Louvain, 1950, p. 24), but in the present state of our knowledge it is impossible to be more definite (Winnett, 1959, p. 146). No doubt the above collection was gathered by Emmanuel Anati in April of 1954 & January of 1955 and was the bases for his articles in P.E.Q. of July/Dec. 1954, "Ancient Rock Drawings in the Central Negev," pp. 49-57. Jan/June 1956, titled, "Rock Engravings From the Jebel Ideid (Southern Negev)."

The above site (Jebel Ideid) is now called Har Karkom (of which more will be said later). Anati called the inscriptions Thamudic-Nabatean, style IV2, and Winnett called them Thamudic C. 1st to 3rd Cent C.E.. More resent research has made it clear that neither of the above two men had a clear perception of the nature and origin of the script in question.

The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment: Wm. Foxwell Albright (1966)

Albright's publication was a major step forward in that it included transliterations and translations of all of the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions identified up to that point in time. We have some reservations with Albright's translations because it is now possible to recognize ligatures and consequently assign them the several sound values they represent (rather than viewing them as single signs with an elaborate flourish). Also no-one (in that period) recognized the clues that signal a word break, but each translator was left to arbitrarily decide where these breaks should be made.

Research Revival: Proto-Sinaitic, Proto-Canaanite & Old Negev:
Itzhaq Beit-Arieh (Ophir Expedition 1982)

Beit-Arieh BAR, Winter, 1982 p. 13.

Beit-Arieh BAR, Winter, 1982 p. 16

Beit-Arieh was a Senior Research Associate and Lecturer of the Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University. Since 1971 he has been the director of the Ophir Expedition in the Sinai Peninsula. His work at Mine L, in the Serabit el-Khadim area was of great importance in establishing 1500 BCE (the cave-in date for Mine L.) as a time when there was a reasonably mature alphabet, reinforcing the probability that Proto-Sinaitic began to emerge about 1700 BCE.

Early on, the Ophir Expedition became an extension of the 1927 to 1935 Harvard expedition, not because Harvard had joined them but because they could see that they had a possibility of successfully dating the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions (which had been a major objective of the Harvard project). Mine L, had not been excavated by Harvard because cracks in the over head made them fear a cave-in if debris was removed. After appropriate precautions had been made the Ophir crew began a three week task of removing debris (1977). Each stone, large or small, "was carefully examined twice before being discarded" (Beit-Arieh, BA, Winter, 1981, pp. 14-15).

One of the early stones with an inscription carried the name El (God) and may well be the earliest West Semitic inscription of the divine name. Other appearances of this special name were also found. A concluding statement by Beit-Arieh will help to highlight the significance of his work. He wrote:

The dating of the above finds is a key issue in the present study, because only archaeological evidence of this kind can bring us closer to solving the problem of the period of the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions. Since Mine L contained another inscription besides the one carved on the rock inside it, we may assume that all the finds are contemporaneous and were buried at the end of a single mining season. Weighty evidence for dating the find to the Late Bronze Age (the New Kingdom in Egypt) is a sherd from a bichrome flask found in the mine. The sherd is burnished and decorated with black and brown stripes on a light ground and belongs to a class of pottery ubiquitous in the Near East in the Late Bronze Age between the 16th and 14th centuries BC. Parallels for axes occur in occupation levels and tombs from the time of the New Kingdom in some places in Egypt, as well as on wall paintings depicting their use. . . The ax was probably the symbol of the miners. . . The many finds of the Late Bronze Age discovered during the clearing of Mine L. together with the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions discussed here strongly suggest that the mine was worked and the inscriptions carved in this period [LBA](Beit-Arieh, 1981, pp. 17-18).

Beit-Arieh BAR, (Winter, 1982)

Benjamin Sass (West Semitic Alphabets)

In 1988 a very important doctoral dissertation was completed at Tel Aviv University, by Benjamin Sass titled, The Genesis of the Alphabet and its Development in the Second Millennium BC, Agypten Und Altes Testament, Band 13, in Kommission bei Otto Harrassowitz, Weisbaden. Sass had been a student of Beit-Arieh and spent considerable time in the Sinai as a deputy officer of the Israeli Antiquities Department.

Much of this current, brief scan of important events in the unfolding history of the emergence of West Semitic alphabets is based on the Sass dissertation. While working in the Sinai, Sass expanded the corpus of Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions and also carefully verified several very important inscriptions. The final impact of his work was best stated in his 7th and last chapter, page 161, as follows:

The origin of the Phoenician letters [and even more so the Old Negev letters] in the Proto-Canaanite and Proto-Sinaitic scripts, and the borrowing of most, if not all, letter forms in the latter script from Egyptian hieroglyphics on the basis of acrophony are now seen as indubitable facts (cf. Snyczer 1974, 9).

(Sass 78 fig. 10) 304. Sinai 380 (Sass 93. Sinai 376 (Gerster 1961, 65 lower)

inai 376 (Rainey 1975, fig. 1) Sinai 380 1978 fig. 10).

The bracketed insertion in the paragraph above was justified by the research of Harris and Hone in which they discovered that twenty one of twenty-two Canaanite/Phoenician sound signs are clearly of archaic origin; i.e., they retain a clear correspondence to Proto-Canaanite and Proto-Sinaitic.

Out of a shorter list of twenty Old Negev sound signs positions, forty-two are archaic. The number forty-two is possible because each of the twenty Old Negev sound positions may have several abstract alternative signs and several alternative archaic signs. The above short sign lists were used because their study was confined to signs found in the inscription of the Land of Canaan, the Negev and the Sinai that were included in their research. Old Negev has a stronger link to Proto-Canaanite and Proto-Sinaitic than does Canaanite Phoenician.

Sinai 357 (Beit-Arieh 1978, fig. 6 with modifications by B. Sass)
Sinai 357 (courtesy of the Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University) obtained by B. Sass 1988
Sinai 357 (courtesy of Prof. I. Beit-Arieh, Institute if Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) obtained by B. Sass 1988) 62. Sinai 357 Butin 1936, pl. 16).

Sass and Beit-Arieh carefully made an on-site verification of the several renditions made by earlier scholars of Sinai 357. As a result Harris and Hone proceeded with confidence to observe in this inscription one of the earliest uses of identifying word breaks by changing the size or shape of a letter (in the column letters #'s 12-13). The phrase involved reads,= "for 'Avev."

Linder, M. Halloun & M. Sharon (Ancient Rock Inscriptions 1990)

In 1990 the Archaeological Survey of Israel, project of the Israel Antiquities Authority, under the direction of Yeshua`yahu Lender, published a two volume series on the findings of their survey. The first Volume was titled, Map of Har Nafha (196), and Vol. 2, titled, ANCIENT ROCK INSCRIPTIONS, SUPPLEMENT TO MAP OF HAR NAFHA (196) 12-01, The so-called "Thamudic" inscriptions were translated by Dr. Moin Halloun. Although Halloun continued to refer to this collection of inscriptions as "Thamudic" and although he translated them as if they were a pre-Arabic dialect, he also expressed his reservation about the labeling and the dating of the inscriptions. He said:

If at one time it was assumed that inscriptions discovered in the Negev were but the traces of Thamudic tribes passing through the region, particularly along the main trade routes, this assemblage of inscriptions, as well as additional inscriptions, published and unpublished, now calls for a reevaluation of the subject.

Archaeological evidence from the first and second centuries (CE) - the presumed dates of the inscriptions - is insufficient to establish the history of settlement in the region, especially insofar as settlement and sedentarization is concerned. Comprehensive epigraphic research could contribute a great deal to this complex subject (Moin Halloun, 1990, Vol. 2, p. 36.).

Research of Harris and Hone, conducted from 1994 to April of 1997 focused on verifying some of Halloun's photographs and transliteration by an on-site examination. Their conclusion was that the inscriptions at Nahal `Avedat date to the period of the colonization of the Negev enacted by the Royal Kings of the House of Judah to secure safer trade lanes from the Gulf of Elath to the Mediterranean (six to eight hundred years before the dates suggested by Winnett).

Harris and Hone (aided by Jon & Cindy Polansky) now have a growing corpus of about 130 inscriptions from the Negev. From a careful examinations of the twenty two sound signs (each sign having from one to nine alternative forms) they have concluded that a large number of archaic forms are retained in use and that this "Old Negev" alphabet is the ancient parent of the Thamudic scripts.

James Harris & Dann Hone (Expanding the Old Negev Corpus)

Introduction:

Observing the inadequate translations of Winnett, Harris was encouraged to begin with a careful study of the signs and the result was that the abundance of archaic letter forms and archaic construction and usage demanded that this script be considered an early post Proto-Canaanite script and not a pre-Arabic dialect script. As a post Proto-Canaanite script it was best translated in Hebrew (i.e. pre Massoretic Hebrew).

In the years that followed James R. Harris and Dann W Hone expanded their corpus of "Old Negev" inscriptions. They abandoned the misleading word "Thamudic" because Old Negev (1200 BCE) is the ancient parent of the Arabian Scripts, while Thamudic (pre-Christian) is a late offspring.

We have discovered a script in the Negev of Israel that appears to be a local variation of Proto-Canaanite [a generic formative script widely used among Canaanite peoples during the second millennium B.C.]. This local variation, which we call the Old Negev script, was widely used by Negev Canaanites (such as Kenites and Israelites) from 1200-600 BC. In the interest of not straining the strong indications from archaeology, inscriptions, and the Bible that the major carriers of this script were Midianites we call this script Old Negev and identify its carriers as ancient Canaanite people or peoples.

This Old Negev script not only has a distinctive sign system with features that go back to it's Proto-Sinaitic parent script but also a grammatical structure persisting from Proto-Sinaitic through Proto-Canaanite to Old Negev. These distinctive characteristics were not passed on to Canaanite/Phoenician or to Old Negev's offspring scripts of the Arabian desert. Therefore these features will become "ear marks" for the identification of this script where ever it may be found and must be clearly presented so that all may judge the certainty of our observations.

With a collection of over one hundred and thirty inscriptions this study has opened a small window to the early (pre-Exile) history of Canaanite peoples of the Negev. And since twenty-five percent of the inscriptions contain names of the God of Israel (Yah, El/Yah, Yahu, and Yahh) it seems fair to say that these Canaanite speakers had a covenant relationship with Yahweh.

The Shechem Plaque:

Proto-Canaanite:

Old Hebrew:

The second letter from the right (above) is an intrusive abstract resh placed in the inscription at some later period, therefore we will simply ignore it. [From Benjamin Sass, (1988) pp. 56-57, translation by Harris and hone. ]

Some General Characteristics of Old Negev:

(Some General Characteristics of Old Negev that were not continued in Canaanite/Phoenician or in the pre-Arabic scripts of the Arabian Desert.)

1. Sign Rotation; the orientation of a sign can signal the reader that, when in horizontal position, it represents an inseparable preposition or an article.

2. When in an upside down position it represents the end of a word or phrase.

3. When a letter is larger or smaller than the preceding letters it indicates the end of a word or phrase.

4. The numbers 2 & 3 above also indicate the direction of language flow.

5. All West Semitic alphabets (emerging after Proto-Canaanite) utilize the abstracted forms but Old Negev retains in use a very large number of archaic forms (i.e. Proto-Sinaitic and Proto-Canaanite forms).

6. Old Negev also retains an elaborate use of ligatures to create symbols that often complement or enhance the inscriptions. [This form of composition was especially useful when a population was a mix of literate persons and persons with varying levels of illiteracy....

2009-01-18T08:55:00.003-06:00

I am posting again the Christians of the Middle East. It is important to know that there are this many Christians in the Middle East. My writings and work is always growing and being tweeked etc. The Christian Arab population of the Middle East..

The Christians of the Middle East
This guy is very interesting and accurate on this stuff.I have heard him speak in person many times and he is good.

The Christians of the Middle East.

Israel 250,000 Arab Christians also there are roughley 15,000 Jewish Christians scattered throughout Israel..
Palestinian Territories Roughly 500,000 Arab Christians
Turkey 3 Million Christians
Lebanon Roughly 1 mill Arab Christians
Syria Roughly 3 mill. Arab Christians
Jordan Roughly 2 mill.Arab Christians
Iraq roughly 2 mill Arab Christians
Iran roughly 2 mill Persian Arab Christians give or take.
Afghanistan 2 mill Persian Arab Christians
Pakistan roughly 5 mill Indo Persian Arab Christians Scattered through out Pakistani ,Afgani and Indian areas.

Kuwait roughly 150,000 Arab Christians give or take.

Saudi Arabia 1 mill 5oo thou. Arab Christians and Yes there are that many in Saudi. Alot of them worship in the hills and desert areas of Saudi, some do worship in cities but in certain areas.

Oman 50,000 Arab Christians
Qatar roughly 15,000 Arab Christians
UAE 20,000 Arab Christians ==Abu Dhabi and Dubai
Abu Dhabi roughly 7,000 Arab Christians
Dubai roughly 7,000 Arab Christians
Yemen roughly 1 mill Arab Christians
Egypt roughly 5 million Arab Christians
Libya roughly 500,000 Arab Christians
Tunisia roughly 1 mill Arab Christians
Algeria roughly 2 mill Arab Christians
Morocco roughly 2 mill Arab Christians

These are Arab Christians a big chunk of them are protestant, meaningBaptist, Church of God, Assembly of God, etc. But what is interestingis that there is a type of denomination in these countries and they are called Bapbticostals, a sort of charismatic movement.A Mixture of Baptist and Pentecostal. But the biggest denomination is Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Roman Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Coptics etc. Now what people need to pay attention to is this. These countries armies are made up of Christians, Muslims, And Jews.For example in Israel there are roughly 250,000 Arabs in the Israeli army. Swallow it its true. About 70 percent of these are Arab Druze.The rest are Christian and Muslim Arabs. Another Example in Lebanon there are Christians in there army as well as some Jews. But most of the Jews in Lebanon have migrated to Israel . There used to be roughley 30 to 60 thousand Jews in Lebanon up to about 15 to 20 years ago but now there are only about 5,000 Jews there. 50 to a hundred years ago Lebaonon had around 150 thousand Jews in it. But most have Migrated to Israel, America, Mexico, Belize, Brazil and other parts of the Americas.

Syria there's a good many of Christians and Jews in there army as well. The same with the Iraqi army. Jordan also has a lot of Christians in there army as well as some Jews. Christians Swallow this pill. Do not be stupid and ignorant,for the Lord himself said I WILL NOT HAVE YOU TO BE IGNORANT.So people study research and ask questions. Do Not Be Blind.Dig in and learn and don't just believe one source check and double check your sources and check again.>>The writings of Moshe Historian of Latin and Middle Eastern History.

Ethiopians were originaly Semitic Meaning Caucasian

2008-09-16T20:34:00.000-05:00

The Original Ethiopians were originaly Caucasian by race and Semitic by ethnicity. The past 500 hundred years Ethiopia has become a Predominately Negroid country. By invasions and infiltration from Nubians and other Negroids. Most of the damage has been done in the 20th century until the present with the negative influence from the Black civil rights movement from America and Britain..And other negative Black Government movements from the West. Today Ethiopia is 65 % Negroid with the remaining population being White Caucasian Semitic Arabs and Jews..The original Ethiopians are White i.e Caucasian i.e Semitic.. If you see a black Ethiopian he is not a true original Ethiopian he is a Negro who lives in Ethiopia....

.. the story about Philip and the Ethiopian found in Acts 8:26-40. It has been assumed by contemporary seminary trained doctors of divinity that the Ethiopian of 2000 years ago is the same as today, as if to say the demographics remained static. We in Christian Identity respectfully disagree.

The key to the identity of the Ethiopian eunuch is to find out who the inhabitants of Ethiopia in New Testament times really were. Many Judeo-Christian publishers gloss the Ethiopian as an arbitrary African Negro without much historical accuracy. History is replete with examples of territories changing in racial make-up via wars, famines, migrations etc. Egypt is a good example of determining the racial identity of an Egyptian, depending on the time period. The history of Ethiopia is one of several important kingdoms that are basically unknown to Christendom, e.g., the Silurian Parthian and Scythian Empires. These territories provided fertile soil for the missionary efforts of the early Christian church. The Apostle Matthew spent much of his time fulfilling the Great Commission in the most unknown Christian empire of them all: Aksum, ancient Ethiopia.

This is what the World Book Encyclopedia has to say about this empire: “Aksum was a powerful ancient kingdom in East Africa. It was the ancestor of Ethiopia. It became important about 50 A.D. and reached its zenith between the 300s and 600s. Aksum grew rich and powerful because of Adule, its port on the Red Sea. Adule was a world trading center. Goods were traded to merchants from Egypt, Greece, Rome, Persia, India and Ceylon. Aksumite kings built impressive forts, palaces and granite monuments. During the 300s, King Ezana defeated the state of Meroe. Ezana became famous for making Christianity the state religion. Aksum declined after the Persians conquered Arabia in the late 500s. During the 600s, the Muslims conquered the Persians and stopped the flow of settlers who had come to Aksum from southern Arabia. As a result, the Christians of Aksum were surrounded by non-Christians.”

In 960 A.D. Judith (a descendent of Cain), conceived a plan to murder all members of the royal family of Aksum (descendents from King Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba of southern Arabia). During and after this reign of terror, this once powerful Christian kingdom fell into insignificance. Later, in the 1600s Negro tribes called Galla moved into the ancient land and ravaged, pillaged, and burnt enormous areas, destroying countless treasures contained in the churches and irreplaceable old manuscripts. Thus, once the second largest Christian nation of its time, Aksum became a wasteland, and its heritage forgotten and ignored. The forgotten history of the kingdom of the African Nile has caused many modern day Christian Bible students to make a major assumption that is totally incorrect: that the Ethiopian eunuch of Acts chapter 8 was a Negro. But this popular assumption is not correct for the following reasons:

It’s a faulty assumption because it’s based on the idea that Ethiopia now, as well as 2000 years ago, was and is a Negro nation. All of the ancient kingdoms of East Africa, including Egypt, Aksum, Kush, Yemen and southern Arabia were not Negro nations in 33 A.D., but instead were Caucasian and bastions of white culture until the 1600s.
The word “Ethiopian” indicates that this eunuch was a Caucasian. “Aith” means sunburned and “ops” means countenance, hence a sunburned complexion. Negroes do not have a sunburned look. It is white people who tan from sun exposure and therefore were the original Ethiopians according to archaic etymology. A similar exegesis is found in the Song of Solomon.
The Ethiopian eunuch had been to Jerusalem to do what only an Israelite could do, i.e. “to worship” (Acts 8:27). Who was allowed to worship in the Temple? Could a non-Israelite enter the Court of Israel and worship in the Temple, especially in the time right after the death of Christ? Consider what happened to the Apostle Paul when he stirred up all the people by bringing Greeks into the Temple, and they were going to kill him for it (Acts 21:27-31). Trophimus, even though he was racially the same as Paul, was considered a heathen, polluting the Temple by his presence. How then could an Ethiopian Negro (who definitely could not be an Israelite) have entered into the forbidden, exclusive Temple Court of Israel and worshipped? Wouldn’t he have polluted the Temple too?
The Ethiopian was reading a very expensive scroll of Isaiah. Phillip asked him if he knew what he was reading, and he said he needed someone to explain. The eunuch had just finished reading the following 3 verses from Isaiah 53:4-6, which had the recurrent theme of “OUR griefs”, “OUR sorrows”, “OUR transgressions”, “OUR iniquities”, “OUR peace”, “WE are healed”, “WE, like sheep” and “WE have turned”. What people are all the preceding pronouns (in caps) referring to? “For the transgression of MY PEOPLE was He stricken” (Isaiah 53:8): God’s people; the people known as ‘sheep’; the people whom Christ redeemed; the people of the covenants; the people of God’s Kingdom; the people next of kin to Christ, their Kinsman Redeemer, the God of Israel. Isaiah was writing about providing atonement for Israel. This is, no doubt, what Philip explained to the Ethiopian eunuch. The Apostle Phillip, Isaiah, Christ and the Ethiopian (Aksumian) eunuch were all Israelites.
Doesn’t it seem strange that if Aksum, the second largest Christian nation at one time, was actually a black nation, that there was no other known black Christians, let alone kingdoms, anyplace in the world? Isn’t it significant that there were no Negroes who ever attended any of the church councils; or were bishops or elders from this or any other area? If any assumptions are to be made, it is fair to think that the eunuch probably helped Matthew to establish churches in an area with a rich Christian heritage (which is all but forgotten today).

The black lies about there inventions and inventors...

2008-08-09T10:33:00.000-05:00

Excelant article. Fact truth. People are sick of Afro Centric B.S....

Perhaps you've heard the claims: Were it not for the genius and energy of African-American inventors, we might find ourselves in a world without traffic lights, peanut butter, blood banks, light bulb filaments, and a vast number of other things we now take for granted but could hardly imagine life without.

Such beliefs usually originate in books or articles about black history. Since many of the authors have little interest in the history of technology outside of advertising black contributions to it, their stories tend to be fraught with misunderstandings, wishful thinking, or fanciful embellishments with no historical basis. The lack of historical perspective leads to extravagant overestimations of originality and importance: sometimes a slightly modified version of a pre-existing piece of technology is mistaken for the first invention of its type; sometimes a patent or innovation with little or no lasting value is portrayed as a major advance, even if there's no real evidence it was ever used.

Unfortunately, some of the errors and exaggerations have acquired an illusion of credibility by repetition in mainstream outlets, especially during Black History Month (see examples for the traffic light and ironing board). When myths go unchallenged for too long, they begin to eclipse the truth. Thus I decided to put some records straight. Although this page does not cover every dubious invention claim floating around out there, it should at least serve as a warning never to take any such claim for granted.

Each item below is listed with its supposed black originator beneath it along with the year it was supposedly invented, followed by something about the real origin of the invention or at least an earlier instance of it.

Traffic Signal

Invented by Garrett A. Morgan in 1923? No!

The first known traffic signal appeared in London in 1868 near the Houses of Parliament. Designed by JP Knight, it featured two semaphore arms and two gas lamps. The earliest electric traffic lights include Lester Wire's two-color version set up in Salt Lake City circa 1912, James Hoge's system (US patent #1,251,666) installed in Cleveland by the American Traffic Signal Company in 1914, and William Potts' 4-way red-yellow-green lights introduced in Detroit beginning in 1920. New York City traffic towers began flashing three-color signals also in 1920.

Garrett Morgan's cross-shaped, crank-operated semaphore was not among the first half-hundred patented traffic signals, nor was it "automatic" as is sometimes claimed, nor did it play any part in the evolution of the modern traffic light. For details see Inventing History: Garrett Morgan and the Traffic Signal.

Gas Mask

Garrett Morgan in 1914? No!

The invention of the gas mask predates Morgan's breathing device by several decades. Early versions were constructed by the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse in 1854 and the physicist John Tyndall in the 1870s, among many other inventors prior to World War I. See The Invention of the Gas Mask.

Peanut Butter

George Washington Carver (who began his peanut research in 1903)? No!

Peanuts, which are native to the New World tropics, were mashed into paste by Aztecs hundreds of years ago. Evidence of modern peanut butter comes from US patent #306727 issued to Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal, Quebec in 1884, for a process of milling roasted peanuts between heated surfaces until the peanuts reached "a fluid or semi-fluid state." As the product cooled, it set into what Edson described as "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment." In 1890, George A. Bayle Jr., owner of a food business in St. Louis, manufactured peanut butter and sold it out of barrels. J.H. Kellogg, of cereal fame, secured US patent #580787 in 1897 for his "Process of Preparing Nutmeal," which produced a "pasty adhesive substance" that Kellogg called "nut-butter."

George Washington Carver

"Discovered" hundreds of new and important uses for the peanut? Fathered the peanut industry? Revolutionized southern US agriculture? No!

Research by Barry Mackintosh, who served as bureau historian for the National Park Service (which manages the G.W. Carver National Monument), demonstrated the following:

Most of Carver's peanut and sweet potato creations were either unoriginal, impractical, or of uncertain effectiveness. No product born in his laboratory was widely adopted.
The boom years for Southern peanut production came prior to, and not as a result of, Carver's promotion of the crop.
Carver's work to improve regional farming practices was not of pioneering scientific importance and had little demonstrable impact.

To see how Carver gained "a popular reputation far transcending the significance of his accomplishments," read Mackintosh's excellent article George Washington Carver: The Making of a Myth.

Automatic Lubricator, "Real McCoy"

Elijah McCoy revolutionized industry in 1872 by inventing the first device to automatically oil machinery? No! The phrase "Real McCoy" arose to distinguish Elijah's inventions from cheap imitations? No!

The oil cup, which automatically delivers a steady trickle of lubricant to machine parts while the machine is running, predates McCoy's career; a description of one appears in the May 6, 1848 issue of Scientific American. The automatic "displacement lubricator" for steam engines was developed in 1860 by John Ramsbottom of England, and notably improved in 1862 by James Roscoe of the same country. The "hydrostatic" lubricator originated no later than 1871.

Variants of the phrase Real McCoy appear in Scottish literature dating back to at least 1856 — well before Elijah McCoy could have been involved.

Detailed evidence: The not-so-real McCoy
Also see The Fake McCoy and Did Somebody Say McTrash?

Blood Bank

Dr. Charles Drew in 1940? No!

During World War I, Dr. Oswald H. Robertson of the US army preserved blood in a citrate-glucose solution and stored it in cooled containers for later transfusion. This was the first use of "banked" blood. By the mid-1930s the Russians had set up a national network of facilities for the collection, typing, and storage of blood. Bernard Fantus, influenced by the Russian program, established the first hospital blood bank in the United States at Chicago's Cook County Hospital in 1937. It was Fantus who coined the term "blood bank." See highlights of transfusion history from the American Association of Blood Banks.

Blood Plasma

Did Charles Drew "discover" (in about 1940) that plasma could be separated and stored apart from the rest of the blood, thereby revolutionizing transfusion medicine? No!

The possibility of using blood plasma for transfusion purposes was known at least since 1918, when English physician Gordon R. Ward suggested it in a medical journal. In the mid-1930s, John Elliott advanced the idea, emphasizing plasma's advantages in shelf life and donor-recipient compatibility, and in 1939 he and two colleagues reported having used stored plasma in 191 transfusions. (See historical notes on plasma use.) Charles Drew was not responsible for any breakthrough scientific or medical discovery; his main career achievement lay in supervising or co-supervising major programs for the collection and shipment of blood and plasma.

More: Charles Drew Mythology

Washington DC city plan

Benjamin Banneker? No!

Pierre-Charles L'Enfant created the layout of Washington DC. Banneker assisted Andrew Ellicott in the survey of the federal territory, but played no direct role in the actual planning of the city. The story of Banneker reconstructing the city design from memory after L'Enfant ran away with the plans (with the implication that the project would have failed if not for Banneker) has been debunked by historians.

Filament for Light Bulb

Lewis Latimer invented the carbon filament in 1881 or 1882? No!

English chemist/physicist Joseph Swan experimented with a carbon-filament incandescent light all the way back in 1860, and by 1878 had developed a better design which he patented in Britain. On the other side of the Atlantic, Thomas Edison developed a successful carbon-filament bulb, receiving a patent for it (#223898) in January 1880, before Lewis Latimer did any work in electric lighting. From 1880 onward, countless patents were issued for innovations in filament design and manufacture (Edison had over 50 of them). Neither of Latimer's two filament-related patents in 1881 and 1882 were among the most important innovations, nor did they make the light bulb last longer, nor is there reason to believe they were adopted outside Hiram Maxim's company where Latimer worked at the time. (He was not hired by Edison's company until 1884, primarily as a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigations).

Latimer also did not come up with the first screw socket for the light bulb or the first book on electric lighting.

Heart Surgery (first successful)

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams in 1893? No!

Dr. Williams repaired a wound not in the heart muscle itself, but in the sac surrounding it, the pericardium. This operation was not the first of its type: Henry Dalton of St. Louis performed a nearly identical operation two years earlier, with the patient fully recovering. Decades before that, the Spaniard Francisco Romero carried out the first successful pericardial surgery of any type, incising the pericardium to drain fluid compressing the heart.

Surgery on the actual human heart muscle, and not just the pericardium, was first successfully accomplished by Ludwig Rehn of Germany when he repaired a wounded right ventricle in 1896. More than 50 years later came surgery on the open heart, pioneered by John Lewis, C. Walton Lillehei (often called the "father of open heart surgery") and John Gibbon (who invented the heart-lung machine).

What medical historians say...

"Third Rail"

Granville Woods in 1901? No!

Werner von Siemens pioneered the use of an electrified third rail as a means for powering railway vehicles when he demonstrated an experimental electric train at the 1879 Berlin Industrial Exhibition. In the US, English-born Leo Daft used a third-rail system to electrify the Baltimore & Hampden lines in 1885. The first electrically powered subway trains, which debuted in London in the autumn of 1890, likewise drew power from a third rail. Details...

Railway Telegraph

Granville Woods prevented railway accidents and saved countless lives by inventing the train telegraph (patented in 1887), which allowed communication to and from moving trains? No!

The earliest patents for train telegraphs go back to at least 1873. Lucius Phelps was the first inventor in the field to attract widespread notice, and the telegrams he exchanged on the New York, New Haven & Hartford railroad in January 1885 were hailed in the Feb. 21, 1885 issue of Scientific American as "perhaps the first ever sent to and from a moving train." Phelps remained at the forefront in developing the technology and by the end of 1887 already held 14 US patents on his system. He joined a team led by Thomas Edison, who had been working on his "grasshopper telegraph" for trains, and together they constructed on the Lehigh Valley Railroad one of the only induction telegraph systems ever put to commercial use. Although this telegraph was a technical success, it fulfilled no public need, and the market for on-board train telegraphy never took off. There is no evidence that any commercial railway telegraph based on Granville Woods's patents was ever built. About the patent interference case

Refrigerated Truck

Frederick Jones (with Joseph Numero) in 1938? No! Did Jones change America's eating habits by making possible the long-distance shipment of perishable foods? No!

Refrigerated ships and railcars had been moving perishables across oceans and continents even before Jones was born (see refrigerated transport timeline). Trucks with mechanically refrigerated cargo spaces appeared on the roads at least as early as the late 1920s (see the proof). Further development of truck refrigeration was more a process of gradual evolution than radical change.

Air Brake / Automatic Air Brake

Granville Woods in 1904? No!

In 1869, a 22-year-old George Westinghouse received US patent #88929 for a brake device operated by compressed air, and in the same year organized the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. Many of the 361 patents he accumulated during his career were for air brake variations and improvements, including his first "automatic" version in 1872 (US #124404).

Air Conditioner

Frederick Jones in 1949? No!

Dr. Willis Carrier built the first machine to control both the temperature and humidity of indoor air. He received the first of many patents in 1906 (US patent #808897, for the "Apparatus for Treating Air"). In 1911 he published the formulae that became the scientific basis for air conditioning design, and four years later formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation to develop and manufacture AC systems.

Airship

J.F. Pickering in 1900? No!

French engineer Henri Giffard successfully flew a powered navigable airship in 1852. The La France airship built by Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs in 1884 featured an electric motor and improved steering capabilities. In 1900 Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin's first rigid-framed dirigible took to the air. Of the hundreds of inventors granted patents for early airship designs and modifications, few succeeded in building or flying their craft. There doesn't appear to be any record of a "Pickering Airship" ever getting off the ground.

US Aviation Patent Database, 1799-1909

Automatic Railroad Car Coupler

Andrew Beard invented the "Jenny [sic] coupler" in 1897? No!

The Janney coupler is named for US Civil War veteran Eli H. Janney, who in 1873 invented a device (US patent #138405) which automatically linked together two railroad cars upon their being brought into contact. Also known as the "knuckle coupler," Janney's invention superseded the dangerous link-and-pin coupler and became the basis for standard coupler design through the remainder of the millennium. Andrew Beard's modified knuckle coupler was just one of approximately eight thousand coupler variations patented by 1900. See a history of the automatic coupler and also The Janney Coupler.

Automatic Transmission/Gearshift

Richard Spikes in 1932? No!

The first automatic-transmission automobile to enter the market was designed by the Sturtevant brothers of Massachusetts in 1904. US Patent #766551 was the first of several patents on their gearshift mechanism. Automatic transmission technology continued to develop, spawning hundreds of patents and numerous experimental units; but because of cost, reliability issues and an initial lack of demand, several decades passed before vehicles with automatic transmission became common on the roads.

Bicycle Frame

Isaac R. Johnson in 1899? No!

Comte Mede de Sivrac and Karl von Sauerbronn built primitive versions of the bicycle in 1791 and 1816 respectively. The frame of John Starley's 1885 "safety bicycle" resembled that of a modern bicycle.

Cellular Phone

Henry T. Sampson in 1971? No!

On July 6, 1971, Sampson and co-inventor George Miley received a patent on a "gamma electric cell" that converted a gamma ray input into an electrical output (Among the first to do that was Bernhard Gross, US patent #3122640, 1964). What, you ask, does gamma radiation have to do with cellular communications technology? The answer: nothing. Some multiculturalist pseudo-historian must have seen the words "electric" and "cell" and thought "cell phone."

The father of the cell phone is Martin Cooper who first demonstrated the technology in 1973.

Clock or Watch (First in America)

Benjamin Banneker built the first American timepiece in 1753? No!

Abel Cottey, a Quaker clockmaker from Philadelphia, built a clock that is dated 1709 (source: Six Quaker Clockmakers, by Edward C. Chandlee; Philadelphia, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943). Banneker biographer Silvio Bedini further refutes the myth:

Several watch and clockmakers were already established in the colony [Maryland] prior to the time that Banneker made the clock. In Annapolis alone there were at least four such craftsmen prior to 1750. Among these may be mentioned John Batterson, a watchmaker who moved to Annapolis in 1723; James Newberry, a watch and clockmaker who advertised in the Maryland Gazette on July 20, 1748; John Powell, a watch and clockmaker believed to have been indentured and to have been working in 1745; and Powell's master, William Roberts.
Silvio Bedini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1999)

Clothes Dryer

George T. Sampson in 1892? No!

The "clothes-drier" described in Sampson's patent was actually a rack for holding clothes near a stove, and was intended as an "improvement" on similar contraptions:

My invention relates to improvements in clothes-driers.... The object of my invention is to suspend clothing in close relation to a stove by means of frames so constructed that they can be readily placed in proper position and put aside when not required for use.
US patent #476416, 1892

Nineteen years earlier, there were already over 300 US patents for such "clothes-driers" (Subject-Matter Index of Patents...1790 to 1873).

A Frenchman named Pochon in 1799 built the first known tumble dryer — a crank-driven, rotating metal drum pierced with ventilation holes and held over heat. Electric tumble dryers appeared in the first half of the 20th century.

Dustpan

Lloyd P. Ray in 1897? No!

While the ultimate origin of the dustpan is lost in the mists (dusts?) of time, at least we know that US patent #20811 for "Dust-pan" was granted to T.E. McNeill in 1858. That was the first of about 164 US dustpan patents predating Lloyd Ray's. See the dustpan patent list.

Egg Beater

Willie Johnson in 1884? No!

The hand-cranked egg beater with two intermeshed, counter-rotating whisks was invented by Turner Williams of Providence, Rhode Island in 1870 (US Patent #103811). It was an improvement on earlier rotary egg beaters that had only one whisk.

Electric Trolley

Did Granville Woods invent the electric trolley car, the overhead wire that powers it, or the "troller" wheel that makes contact with the trolley wire, in 1888? No!

Dr. Werner von Siemens demonstrated his electric trolleybus, the Elektromote, near Berlin on April 29, 1882. The vehicle's two electric motors collected power through contact wheels rolling atop a pair of overhead wires. The earliest patentee of an electric trolley in the United States appears to be Eugene Cowles (#252193 in 1881), followed by Dr. Joseph R. Finney (#268476 in 1882) who operated an experimental trolley car near Pittsburgh, PA in the summer of 1882. In early 1885, John C. Henry established in Kansas City, MO, the first overhead-wire electric transit system to enter regular service in the United States. Belgian-born Charles van Depoele, who earned 240+ patents in electric railway technology and other fields, set up trolley lines in several North American cities by 1887. In February 1888, a trolley system designed by Frank Sprague began operating in Richmond, Virginia. Sprague's system became the lasting prototype for electric street railways in the US.

Elevator

Alexander Miles in 1887? No!
Was Miles the first to patent a self-closing shaft door? No!

Steam-powered hoisting devices were used in England by 1800. Elisha Graves Otis' 1853 "safety elevator" prevented the car from falling if the cable broke, and thus paved the way for the first commercial passenger elevator, installed in New York City's Haughwout Department Store in 1857. The first electric elevator appeared in Mannheim, Germany in 1880, built by the German firm of Siemens and Halske. A self-closing shaft door was invented by J.W. Meaker in 1874 ("Improvement in Self-closing Hatchways," US Patent No. 147,853). See Elevator Timeline

Fastest Computer/Computation

Was Philip Emeagwali responsible for the world's fastest computer or computation in 1989? Did he win the "Nobel Prize of computing"? Is he a "father of the Internet"? No!

The fastest performance of a computer application in 1989 was 6 billion floating point operations per second (6 Gflops), achieved by a team from Mobil and Thinking Machines Corp. on a 64,000-processor "Connection Machine" invented by Danny Hillis. That was almost double the 3.1 Gflops of Emeagwali's computation. Computing's Nobel Prize equivalent is the Turing Award, which Emeagwali has never won. More...

Fire Escape

Joseph Winters in 1878? No!

Winters' "fire escape" was a wagon-mounted ladder. The first such contraption patented in the US was the work of William P. Withey, 1840 (US patent #1599). The fire escape with a "lazy-tongs" type ladder, more similar to Winters' patent, was pioneered by Hüttman and Kornelio in 1849 (US patent #6155). One of the first fire escapes of any type was invented in 18th-century England:

In 1784, Daniel Maseres, of England, invented a machine called a fire escape, which, being fastened to the window, would enable anyone to descend to the street without injury.
Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art, 1888

By 1888 the US had granted 1,099 patents on fire escapes of "many forms, and of every possible material" (Butterworth).

Fire Extinguisher

Thomas J. Martin in 1872? No!

In 1813, British army captain George Manby created the first known portable fire extinguisher: a two-foot-tall copper cylinder that held 3 gallons of water and used compressed air as a propellant. One of the earliest extinguishers to use a chemical extinguishing agent, and not just water, was invented in 1849 by the Englishman William Henry Phillips, who patented his "fire annihilator" in England and the United States (US patent #7,269).

Food Additives, Meat Curing

Lloyd Hall "is responsible for the meat curing products, seasonings, emulsions, bakery products, antioxidants, protein hydrolysates, and many other products that keep our food fresh and flavorable"? No! Hall "revolutionized the meatpacking industry"? No!

Hall introduced no major class of additive, certainly not meat curing salts (which are ancient), protein hydrolysates (popularized by Julius Maggi as flavor enhancers in 1886), emulsifiers and antioxidants (lecithin, for example, was used in both roles before Lloyd Hall had any patents in food processing). The so-called revolutionary meat curing product marketed by Hall's employer was invented primarily by Karl Max Seifert ; the number of Seifert's patent was printed right on the containers. Hall's main contribution to this product was to reduce its tendency to cake during storage. Details: Lloyd Hall myth.

Fountain Pen

W.B. Purvis in 1890? No!

The first reference to what seems to be a fountain pen appears in an Arabic text from 969 AD; details of the instrument are not known. A French "Bion" pen, dated 1702, represents the oldest fountain pen that still survives. Later models included John Scheffer's 1819 pen, possibly the first to be mass-produced; John Jacob Parker's "self-filling" pen of 1832; and the famous Lewis Waterman pen of 1884 (US Patents #293545, #307735). Early History of the Fountain Pen

Golf Tee

Dr. George Grant in 1899? No!

A small rubber platform invented by Scotsmen William Bloxsom and Arthur Douglas was the world's first patented golf tee (British patent #12941 of 1889). The first known tee to penetrate the ground, in contrast to earlier tees that sat on the surface, was the peg-like "Perfectum" patented in 1892 by Percy Ellis of England. American dentist William Lowell introduced the most common form of tee used today, the simple wooden peg with a flared top. Details...

Hairbrush

Lyda Newman in 1898? No!

An early US patent for a recognizably modern hairbrush went to Hugh Rock in 1854 (US Design Patent no. D645), though surely there were hairbrushes long before there was a US Patent Office.

The claim that Lyda Newman's brush was the first with "synthetic bristles" is false: her patent mentions nothing about synthetic bristles and is concerned only with a new way of making the handle detachable from the head. Besides, a hairbrush that included "elastic wire teeth" in combination with natural bristles had already been patented by Samuel Firey in 1870 (US, #106680). Nylon bristles weren't possible until the invention of nylon in 1935.

Halogen Lamp

Frederick Mosby? No

The original patent for the tungsten halogen lamp (US #2,883,571; April 21, 1959) is recorded to Elmer G. Fridrich and Emmett H. Wiley of General Electric. The two had built a working prototype as early as 1953. Fred Mosby was part of the GE team charged with developing the prototype lamp into a marketable product, but was not responsible for the original halogen lamp or the concept behind it.

Hand Stamp

William Purvis in 1883? No!

The earliest known postal handstamp was brought into use by Henry Bishop, Postmaster General of Great Britain, in the year 1661. The stamp imprinted the mail with a bisected circle containing the month and the date. See "Bishop marks"

Heating Furnace

Alice Parker in 1919? No!

In the hypocaust heating systems built by the ancient Romans, hot air from a furnace circulated under the floor and up through channels inside the walls, thereby distributing heat evenly around the building. One of the most famous heating systems in recent centuries was the iron furnace stove known as the "Franklin stove," named after its purported originator Benjamin Franklin around 1745 AD. The US had issued over 4000 patents for heating stoves and furnaces by 1888 (Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art, 1888).

Horseshoe

Oscar E. Brown in 1892? No!

Some sources on the web, if not ignorant enough to say Brown invented the first horseshoe ever, will at least try to credit him for the first double or compound horseshoe made of two layers: one permanently secured to the hoof, and one auxiliary layer that can be removed and replaced when it wears out. However, in the US there were already 39 earlier patents for horseshoes using that same concept. The first of these was issued to J.B. Kendall of Boston in 1861, patent #33709.

Ice Cream

Augustus Jackson in 1832? No!

Flavored ices resembling sherbet were known in China in ancient times. In Europe, sherbet-like concoctions evolved into ice cream by the 16th century, and around 1670 or so, the Café Procope in Paris offered creamy frozen dairy desserts to the public. The first written record of ice cream in the New World comes from a letter dated 1700, attesting that Maryland Governor William Bladen served the treat to his guests. In 1777, the New York Gazette advertised the sale of ice cream by confectioner Philip Lenzi. History of Ice Cream

Ironing Board

Sarah Boone in 1892? No!

Of the several hundred US patents on ironing boards granted prior to Sarah Boone's, the first three went to William Vandenburg in 1858 (patents #19390, #19883, #20231). The first American female patentee of an ironing board is probably Sarah Mort of Dayton, Ohio, who received patent #57170 in 1866. In 1869, Henry Soggs of Columbus, Pennsylvania earned US patent #90966 for an ironing board resembling the modern type, with folding legs, adjustable height, and a cover. Another nice example of a modern-looking board was designed by J.H. Mallory in 1871, patent #120296. Details...

Laser Cataract Surgery

Patricia Bath "transformed eye surgery" by inventing the first laser device to treat cataracts in 1986? No!

Use of lasers to treat cataracts in the eye began to develop in the mid 1970s. M.M. Krasnov of Russia reported the first such procedure in 1975. One of the earliest US patents for laser cataract removal (#3,982,541) was issued to Francis L'Esperance in 1976. In later years, a number of experimenters worked independently on laser devices for removing cataracts, including Daniel Eichenbaum, whose work became the basis of the Paradigm Photon™ device; and Jack Dodick, whose Dodick Laser PhotoLysis System eventually became the first laser unit to win FDA approval for cataract removal in the United States. Still, the majority of cataract surgeries continue to be performed using ultrasound devices, not lasers. Details...

Lawn Mower

John Burr in 1899? No!

English engineer Edwin Budding invented the first reel-type lawn mower (with blades arranged in a cylindrical pattern) and had it patented in England in 1830. In 1868 the United States issued patent #73807 to Amariah M. Hills of Connecticut, who went on to establish the Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871. By 1888, the US Patent Office had granted 138 patents for lawn mowers (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Doubtlessly there were even more by the time Burr got his patent in 1899.

Some website authors want Burr to have invented the first "rotary blade" mower, with a centrally mounted spinning blade. But his patent #624749 shows yet another twist on the old reel mower, differing in only a few details with Budding's original.

Lawn Sprinkler

J. H. Smith in 1897? Elijah McCoy? No!

The first US patent with the title "lawn sprinkler" was issued to J. Lessler of Buffalo, New York in 1871 (#121949). Early examples of water-propelled, rotating lawn sprinklers were patented by J. Oswald in 1890 (#425340) and J. S. Woolsey in 1891 (#457099) among a gazillion others.

Smith's patent shows just another rotating sprinkler, and McCoy's 1899 patent was for a turtle-shaped sprinkler.

Mailbox (letter drop box)

P. Downing invented the street letter drop box in 1891? No!
George Becket invented the private mailbox in 1892? No!

The US Postal Service says that "Street boxes for mail collection began to appear in large [US] cities by 1858." They appeared in Europe even earlier, according to historian Laurin Zilliacus:

Mail boxes as we understand them first appeared on the streets of Belgian towns in 1848. In Paris they came two years later, while the English received their 'pillar boxes' in 1855.
Laurin Zilliacus, Mail for the World, p. 178 (New York, J. Day Co., 1953)

From the same book (p.178), "Private mail boxes were invented in the United States in about 1860."

Eventually, letter drop boxes came equipped with inner lids to prevent miscreants from rummaging through the mail pile. The first of many US patents for such a purpose was granted in 1860 to John North of Middletown, Connecticut (US Pat. #27466).

Mop

Thomas W. Stewart in 1893? No!

Mops go back a long, long way before 1893. Just how long, is hard to determine. Restricting our view to the modern era, we find that the United States issued its first mop patent (#241) in 1837 to Jacob Howe, called "Construction of Mop-Heads and the Mode of Securing them upon Handles." One of the first patented mops with a built-in wringer was the one H. & J. Morton invented in 1859 (US #24049).

The mop specified in Stewart's patent #499402 has a lever-operated clamp for "holding the mop rags"; the lever is not a wringing mechanism as erroneously reported on certain websites. Other inventors had already patented mops with lever-operated clamps, one of the first being Greenleaf Stackpole in 1869 (US Pat. #89803).

Paper Punch (hand-held)

Charles Brooks in 1893? No!
Was it the first with a hinged receptacle to catch the clippings? No!

The first numbered US patent for a hand-held hole punch was #636, issued to Solyman Merrick in 1838. Robert James Kellett earned the first two US patents for a chad-catching hole punch, in 1867 (patent #65090) and 1868 (#79232).

Pencil Sharpener

John Lee Love in 1897? No!

Bernard Lassimone of Limoges, France invented one of the earliest sharpeners, receiving French patent number 2444 in 1828. An apparent ancestor of the 20th-century hand-cranked sharpener was patented by G. F. Ballou in 1896 (US #556709) and marketed by the A.B. Dick Company as the "Planetary Pencil Pointer." As the user held the pencil stationary and turned the crank, twin milling cutters revolved around the tip of the pencil and shaved it into a point.

Love's patent #594114 shows a variation on a different kind of sharpener, in which one would crank the pencil itself around in a stirring motion. An earlier device of a similar type was devised in 1888 by G.H. Courson (patent #388533), and sold under the name "President Pencil Sharpener."

Here are several other examples of 19th century sharpeners:
Early Mechanical Pencil Sharpeners
Mechanical Pencil Sharpener Gallery ~ 1884-1899

Permanent Wave Machine (for perming hair)

Marjorie Joyner in 1928? No!

That would be German hairdresser Karl Ludwig Nessler (aka Charles Nestlé) no later than 1906.

Postmarking and Canceling Machine

William Barry in 1897? No!

Try Pearson Hill of England, in 1857. Hill's machine marked the postage stamp with vertical lines and postmark date. By 1892, US post offices were using several brands of machines, including one that could cancel, postmark, count and stack more than 20,000 pieces of mail per hour (Marshall Cushing, Story of Our Post Office, Boston: A. M. Thayer & co., 1892, pp.189-191).

Printing Press

W.A. Lavalette invented "the advanced printing press" in 1878? No!

Movable-type printing first appeared in East Asia. In Europe, around 1455, Johann Gutenberg adapted the screw press used in other trades such as winemaking and combined it with type-metal alloy characters and oil-based printing ink. Major advances after Gutenberg include the cylinder printing press (c. 1811) by Frederick Koenig and Andreas Bauer, the rotary press (1846) by Richard M. Hoe, and the web press (1865) by William Bullock. Major advances do not include Lavalette's patent, which was only one of 3,268 printing patents granted in the US by the year 1888 (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Improvements After Gutenberg

Propeller for Ship

George Tolivar or Benjamin Montgomery? No!

John Stevens constructed a boat with twin steam-powered propellers in 1804 in the first known application of a screw propeller for marine propulsion. Other important pioneers in the early 1800s included Sir Francis Pettit Smith of England, and Swedish-born ship designer John Ericsson (US patent #588) who later designed the USS Monitor.

Refrigerator

Thomas Elkins in 1879? John Stanard in 1891? No!

Oliver Evans proposed a mechanical refrigerator based on a vapor-compression cycle in 1805 and Jacob Perkins had a working machine built in 1834. Dr. John Gorrie created an air-cycle refrigeration system in about 1844, which he installed in a Florida hospital. In the 1850s Alexander Twining in the USA and James Harrison in Australia used mechanical refrigeration to produce ice on a commercial scale. Around the same time, the Carré brothers of France led the development of absorption refrigeration systems. A more detailed timeline

Stanard's patent describes not a refrigeration machine, but an old-fashioned icebox — an insulated cabinet into which ice is placed to cool the interior. As such, it was a "refrigerator" only in the old sense of the term, which included non-mechanical coolers. Elkins created a similarly low-tech cooler, acknowledging in his patent #221222 that "I am aware that chilling substances inclosed within a porous box or jar by wetting its outer surface is an old and well-known process."

Rotary Engine

Andrew Beard in 1892? No!

The Subject Matter Index of Patents Issued from the United States Patent Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists 394 "Rotary Engine" patents from 1810-1873. The Wankel engine, a rotary combustion engine with a four-stroke cycle, dates from 1954. History of the Rotary Engine from 1588 Onward

Screw Socket for Light Bulb

Lewis Latimer? No!

The earliest evidence for a light bulb screw base design is a drawing in a Thomas Edison notebook dated Sept. 11, 1880. It is not the work of Latimer, though:

Edison's long-time associates, Edward H. Johnson and John Ott, were principally responsible for designing fixtures in the fall of 1880. Their work resulted in the screw socket and base very much like those widely used today.

R. Friedel and P. Israel, Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1986).

The 1880 sketch of the screw socket is reproduced in the book cited above.

Smallpox Vaccine

Onesimus the slave in 1721? No! Onesimus knew of variolation, an early inoculation technique practiced in several areas of the world before the discovery of vaccination.

English physician Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 after finding that the relatively innocuous cowpox virus built immunity against the deadly smallpox. This discovery led to the eventual eradication of endemic smallpox throughout the world. Vaccination differs from the primitive inoculation method known as variolation, which involved the deliberate planting of live smallpox into a healthy person in hopes of inducing a mild form of the disease that would provide immunity from further infection. Variolation not only was risky to the patient but, more importantly, failed to prevent smallpox from spreading. Known in Asia by 1000 AD, the practice reached the West via more than one channel.

Smokestack for Locomotives

L. Bell in 1871? No!

Even the first steam locomotives, such as the one built by Richard Trevithick in 1804, were equipped with smokestacks. Later smokestacks featured wire netting to prevent hazardous sparks from escaping. Page 115 of John H. White Jr.'s American Locomotives: An Engineering History, 1830-1880 (1997 edition) displays a composite picture showing 57 different types of spark-arresting smokestacks devised before 1860.

Steam Boiler Furnace

Granville Woods in 1884? No!

The steam engine boiler is of course as old as the steam engine itself. The Subject Matter Index of Patents Issued from the United States Patent Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists several hundred variations and improvements to the steam boiler, including the revolutionary water-tube boiler patented in 1867 by American inventors George Herman Babcock and Stephen Wilcox.

Street Sweeper

Charles Brooks in 1896? No!

Brooks' patent was for a modified version of a common type of street sweeper cart that had long been known, with a rotary brush that swept refuse onto an elevator belt and into a trash bin. In the United States, street sweepers started being patented in the 1840s, and by 1900 the Patent Office had issued about 300 patents for such machines. Details...

Supercharger for Automobiles

Joseph Gammel/Gamell in 1976? No!

In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler received a German patent for supercharging an internal combustion engine. Louis Renault patented a centrifugal supercharger in France in 1902. An early supercharged racecar was built by Lee Chadwick of Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1908 and reportedly reached a speed of 100 miles per hour. History of Supercharging

Toilet

T. Elkins in 1897? No!

The Minoans of Crete are said to have invented a flush toilet thousands of years ago; however, there is probably no direct ancestral relationship between it and the modern one that evolved primarily in England starting in the late 16th century, when Sir John Harrington devised a flushing device for his godmother Queen Elizabeth. In 1775 Alexander Cummings patented a toilet in which some water remained after each flush, thereby suppressing odors from below. The "water closet" continued to evolve, and in 1885, Thomas Twyford provided us with a single-piece ceramic toilet similar to the one we know today. Who Invented the Toilet?

Toilet for Railroad Cars

Lewis Latimer in 1874? No!

William E. Marsh Jr. of New Jersey took out US patent #95597 for "Improvement in Water-closets for Railroad Cars" five years prior to Latimer's 1874 patent with the same title. Marsh's patent specification suggests that railroad-car water closets, i.e., toilets, were already in use:

In the closets or privies of railroad cars, the cold and wind, especially while the train is in motion, are very disagreeable... My invention is to remove these objectionable features....
W. Marsh, US patent #95597, 1869

Tricycle

M.A. Cherry in 1886? No!

In Germany in the year 1680 or thereabouts, paraplegic watchmaker Stephan Farffler built his own tricycle at 22 years of age. He designed it to be pedaled with the hands, for obvious reasons. History of the tricycle

Turn Signals

Richard Spikes in 1913? No! Did the 1913 Pierce Arrow feature Spikes' turn signals? No!

Electric turn signal lights were devised as early as 1907 (U.S. Patent 912,831), but were not widely offered by major automobile manufacturers until the late 1930s, when GM developed its own version and made it standard on Buicks. The Pierce Arrow Museum in Buffalo, NY denies that directional signals were offered on 1913 Pierce Arrows.

Typewriter

L.S. Burridge & N.R. Marshman in 1885? No!

Henry Mill, an English engineer, was the first person to patent the basic idea of the typewriter in 1714. The first working typewriter known to have actually been built was the work of Pellegrino Turri of Italy in 1808. The familiar QWERTY keyboard, developed by C. L. Sholes and C. Glidden, reached the market in 1874. In 1878 change-case keys were added that enabled the typing of both capital and small letters. Typewriter History

Egyptians were and are Caucasian and there ethnicity Semitic.

2008-03-01T23:31:00.000-06:00

The mummy of the wife of King Tutankhamen has auburn hair.

A mummy with red hair, red mustache and red beard was found
by the pyramids at Saqqara.

Red-haired mummies were found in the crocodile-caverns of Aboufaida.

The book HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN MUMMIES mentions a mummy with reddish-brown hair.

The mummies of Rameses II and Prince Yuaa have fine silky yellow hair. The
mummy of another pharaoh, Thothmes II, has light chestnut-colored hair.

An article in a leading British anthropological journal states that many mummies have dark reddish-brownhair. Professor Vacher De Lapouge described a blond mummy found at Al Amrah, which he says has the face and skull measurements of a typical Gaul or Saxon.

A blond mummy was found at Kawamil along with many
chestnut-colored ones.

Chestnut-haired mummies have been found at Silsileh.

The mummy of Queen Tiy has "wavy brown hair."

Unfortunately, only the mummies of a very few pharaohs have survived to
the 20th century, but a large proportion of these are blond.

The Egyptians have left us many paintings and statues of blondes and redheads. Amenhotep III's tomb painting shows him as having light red hair. Also, his features are quite caucasian

A farm scene from around 2000 B.C. in the tomb of the nobleman
Meketre shows redheads.

An Egyptian scribe named Kay at Sakkarah around 2500 B.C. has blue eyes.

The tomb of Menna (18th Dynasty) at West Thebes shows blond girls.
The god Horus is usually depicted as white. He is very white in the Papyrus Book of the Dead of Lady Cheritwebeshet (21st Dynasty), found in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

A very striking painting of a yellow-haired man hunting from a chariot can be found in the tomb of Userhet, Royal Scribe of Amenophis II. The yellow-haired man is Userhet. The same tomb has paintings of blond soldiers. The tomb of Menna also has a wall painting showing a blond man supervising two
dark-haired workers scooping grain.

The Funerary stele (inscribed stone slab)of Priest Remi clearly shows him as having red hair,

The eye of Horus, the so-called Wedjat Eye. is always blue.

A very attractive painting is found on the wall of a private tomb in West Thebes from the 18th Dynasty. The two deceased parents are white people with black hair. Mourning them are two pretty fair-skinned girls with light blond hair and their red-haired older brother.

Queen Thi is painted as having a rosy complexion, blue eyes and blond hair. She was co-ruler with her husband Amenhotep III and it has been said of their rule. "The reign of Amenhotep III was the culminating point in Egyptian history, for never again, in spite of the exalted effort of the Ramessides, did Egypt
occupy so exalted a place among the nations of the world as she had in
his time."

Amenhotep III looks northern European in his statues.

Paintings of people with red hair and blue eyes were found at the tomb of Bagt in Beni Hassan. Many other tombs at Beni Hassan have paintings of individuals with blond and red hair as well as blue eyes.

Paintings of blonds and redheads have been found among the tombs at
Thebes.

Blond hair and blue eyes were painted at the tomb of
Pharaoh Menphtah in the valley of the Kings.

Paintings from the
Third Dynasty show native Egyptians with red hair and blue eyes.
They are shepherds, workers and bricklayers.

A blond woman was painted at the tomb of Djeser-ka-ra-seneb in Thebes.

A model of a ship from about 2500 B.C. is manned by five blond sailors.

The god Nuit was painted as white and blond.

A painting at the tomb of Meresankh III at Giza, from about 2485 B.C., shows white skin and red hair.

Two statues from about 2570 B.C., found in the tombs at Medum, show Prince Rahotep and his wife Nofret. He has light green stones for eyes. She has
violet-blue stones.

A painting from Iteti's tomb at Saqqara shows a very Nordic-looking man with blond hair.

Grafton Smith mentions the distinctly red hair of the 18th Dynasty mummy Henutmehet.

Harvard Professor Carleton Coon, in his book THE RACES OF EUROPE, tells us that "many of the officials, courtiers, and priests, representing the upper class of Egyptian society but not the royalty, looked strikingly like modern Europeans, especially long-headed ones." (Note: Nordics are long-headed.) Long-headed Europeans are most common in Britain, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, and northern Germany.

Time-Life books put out a volume called RAMESES II THE GREAT. It has a
good picture of the blond mummy of Rameses II. Another picture can be
found in the book X-RAYING THE PHARAOHS, especially the picture on the
jacket cover. It shows his yellow hair.

A book called CHRONICLE OF THE PHARAOHS was recently published showing paintings, sculptures and mummies of 189 pharaohs and leading personalities of Ancient Egypt. Of these, 102 appear European, 13 look Black, and the rest are hard to classify. All nine mummies look like our Europeans.

The very first pharaoh, Narmer, also known as Menes, looks very Caucasion

The same can be said for Khufu's cousin Hemon, who designed the Great Pyramid of Giza, with help from Imhotep. A computer-generated reconstruction of the face of the Sphinx shows a European-looking face.
It was once painted sunburned red. The Egyptians often painted
upper class men as red and upper class women as white; this is because
the men became sun-burned or tanned while outside under the burning Egyptian sun. The women, however, usually stayed inside.

In 1902, E. A. Wallis Budge, the renowned Egyptologist, described the pre-dynastic Egyptians thus:

"The predynastic Egyptians, that is to say, that stratum of them which was indigenous to North Africa, belonged to a white or light-skinned race with fair hair, who in many particulars resembled the Libyans, who in later historical times lived very near the western bank of the Nile." [E. A. W. Budge, Egypt in the Neolithic and Archaic Periods (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1902), p. 49.]

Later, in the same book, Budge referred to a pre-dynastic statuette that: "has eyes inlaid with lapis-lazuli, by which we are probably intended to understand that the woman here represented had blue eyes." [Ibid., p. 51.]

In 1925, the Oxford don L. H. Dudley Buxton, wrote the following concerning ancient Egyptian crania:

"Among the ancient crania from the Thebaid in the collection in the Department of Human Anatomy in Oxford, there are specimens which must unhesitatingly be considered to be those of Nordic type. [L. H. D. Buxton, The Peoples of Asia (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1925), p. 50.]

The Scottish physical anthropologist Robert Gayre has written, that in his considered opinion:

"Ancient Egypt, for instance, was essentially a penetration of Caucasoid racial elements into Africa . . . This civilisation grew out of the settlement of Mediterraneans, Armenoids, even Nordics, and Atlantics in North Africa . . ." [R. Gayre of Gayre, Miscellaneous Racial Studies, 1943-1972 (Edinburgh: Armorial, 1972), p. 85.]

When English archaeologist Howard Carter excavated the tomb of Tutankhamen in 1922, he discovered in the Treasury a small wooden sarcophagus. Within it lay a memento of Tutankhamen's beloved grandmother, Queen Tiye: "a curl of her auburn hair." [C. Desroches-Noblecourt, Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972), p. 65.] (See mummy picture)

Queen Tiye (18th Dynasty), was the daughter of Thuya, a Priestess of the God Amun. Thuya's mummy, which was found in 1905, has long, red-blonde hair. Examinations of Tiye's mummy proved that she bore a striking resemblance to her mother. [B. Adams, Egyptian Mummies (Aylesbury: Shire Publications, 1988), p. 39.] (See mummy picture)

A painting of the mother of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (18th Dynasty), reveals that she had blonde hair, blue eyes and a rosy complexion. [W. Sieglin, Die blonden Haare der indogermanischen Völker des Altertums (Munich: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1935), p. 132.]

Princess Ranofri, a daughter of Pharaoh Tuthmosis III (18th Dynasty), is depicted as a blonde in a wall painting that was recorded in the 19th century, by the Italian Egyptologist Ippolito Rosellini. [Ibid., p. 132.]

In 1929 archaeologists discovered the mummy of fifty year-old Queen Meryet-Amun (another daughter of Tuthmosis III); the mummy has wavy, light-brown hair. [R. B. Partridge, Faces of Pharaohs (London: Rubicon Press, 1994), p. 91.]

American Egyptologist Donald P. Ryan excavated tomb KV 60, in the Valley of the Kings, during the course of 1989. Inside, he found the mummy of a royal female, which he believes to be the long-lost remains of the great Queen Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty). Ryan describes the mummy as follows:

"The mummy was mostly unwrapped and on its back. Strands of reddish-blond hair lay on the floor beneath the bald head." [Ibid., p. 87.]

Manetho, a Graeco-Egyptian priest who flourished in the 3rd century BC, wrote in his Egyptian History, that the last ruler of the 6th Dynasty was a woman by the name of Queen Nitocris. He has this to say about her:

"There was a queen Nitocris, braver than all the men of her time, the most beautiful of all the women, blonde-haired with rosy cheeks. By her, it is said, the third pyramid was reared, with the aspect of a mountain." [W. G. Waddell, Manetho (London: William Heinemann, 1980), p. 57.]

According to the Graeco-Roman authors Pliny the Elder, Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, the Third Pyramid was built by a woman named Rhodopis. When translated from the original Greek, her name means "rosy-cheeked". [G. A. Wainwright, The Sky-Religion in Egypt (Cambridge: University Press, 1938), p. 42.]

We may also note that a tomb painting recorded by the German Egyptologist C. R. Lepsius in the 1840s, depicts a blonde woman by the name of Hetepheres (circa 5th Dynasty). The German scholar Alexander Scharff, observed that she was described as being a Priestess of the Goddess Neith, a deity who was sacred to the blond-haired Libyans of the Delta region. He goes on to state that her name is precisely the same as that of Queen Hetepheres II, who is also shown as fair-haired, in a painting on the wall of Queen Meresankh III's tomb. He deduced from all of this, that the two women may well have been related, and he suggested that Egypt during the Age of the Pyramids, was dominated by an elite of blonde women. [A. Scharff, "Ein Beitrag zur Chronologie der 4. ägyptischen Dynastie." Orientalistische Literaturzeitung XXXI (1928) pp. 73-81.]

The twentieth prayer of the 141st chapter of the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, is dedicated "to the Goddess greatly beloved, with red hair." [E. A. W. Budge, The Book of the Dead (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1901), p. 430.] In the tomb of Pharaoh Merenptah (19th Dynasty), there are depictions of red-haired goddesses. [N. Reeves & R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Valley of the Kings (London: Thames & Hudson, 1997), p. 149.]

In the Book of the Dead, the eyes of the god Horus are described as "shining," or "brilliant," whilst another passage refers more explicitly to "Horus of the blue eyes". [Budge, op. cit., pp. 421 & 602.] The rubric to the 140th chapter of said book, states that the amulet known as the "Eye of Horus," (used to ward-off the "Evil Eye"), must always be made from lapis-lazuli, a mineral which is blue in colour. [Ibid., p. 427.] It should be noted that the Goddess Wadjet, who symbolised the Divine Eye of Horus, was represented by a snake (a hooded cobra to be precise), and her name, when translated from the original Egyptian, means "blue-green". [A. F. Alford, The Phoenix Solution (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998), pp. 266-268.] Interestingly, the ancient Scandanavians claimed that anyone who was blue-eyed (and therefore possessed the power of the Evil Eye), had "a snake in the eye," and blue eyes were frequently compared to the eyes of a serpent. [F. B. Gummere, Germanic Origins (London: David Nutt, 1892), pp. 58, 62.]

In the ancient Pyramid Texts, the Gods are said to have blue and green eyes. [Alford, op. cit., p. 232.] The Graeco-Roman author Diodorus Siculus (I, 12), says that the Egyptians thought the goddess Neith had blue eyes. [C. H. Oldfather, Diodorus of Sicily (London: William Heinemann, 1968), p. 45.]

A text from the mammisi of Isis at Denderah, declares that the goddess was given birth to in the form of a "ruddy woman". [J. G. Griffiths, De Iside et Osiride (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1970), p. 451.] Finally, the Greek author Plutarch, in the 22nd chapter of his De Iside et Osiride, states that the Egyptians thought Horus to be fair-skinned, and the god Seth to be of a ruddy complexion. [Ibid., p. 151.]

Ruddy means RED with or without freckles.

Asia is a continent Idiots

2008-02-22T19:13:00.000-06:00

Folks Asia is not a race or an ethnicity it is a continent. An Asian is a person from the continent of Asia. There are 2 races in the continent of Asia and many ethnicities. The 2 races are White i.e Caucasian. And the other is Oriental i.e Mongolian or Mongol. Do not refer to Orientals as Asian meaning race. There is no such thing as an Asian race they are Oriental. Only the Ignorant politicaly correct fools of Afrocentric America and Britain refer to Orientals as Asian. They are Oriental. 75% of the rest of the world refer to the people of Mongolian descent as Orientals but Ignorant Americans and some British who have been Americanized refer to them as Asian. It is not Asian it is Oriental that is the proper descriptive term when refering to the people of the far east descent and that is ORIENTAL>Orientals = China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam and the other like Oriental countries etc.

Berber+Arab= Moor. Latin America was influenced By the Arabs, Berbers andHebrews and the people of Latin Descent has Semitic Origins From them

2006-12-11T14:33:00.001-06:00

Searching for Mexico’s Mudejar Heritage
Angelica Jimenez Martinez
Mentor: Professor Jose Rabasa
Abstract
The defeat by the Moors that the Visigoths suffered in 711 gave rise to the Golden Islamic Age in Southern Spain. For almost 800 years, Spain’s life was influenced by the richness of Arab culture at the social, political and economic level, until the Catholic monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, united Spain under one rule and religion in 1492. However, the deep mark the Moors left impregnated Spain’s culture and landscape was later reflected in one of Spain’s most important colonies, the viceroyalty of New Spain. The conquistadors brought with them this visually striking Arabic art form—Mudejar to colonial Mexico. Under the umbrella of the colonial enterprise, the Spanish Crown saw the need to preserve and exploit the arts, skills and products of Arab origin. Colonial buildings in Mexico such as the church of San Francisco in Tlaxcala and the Royal Chapel at Cholula in Puebla have the finest examples of Mudejar artistic and architectural elements. The emerging Mestizo society not only inherited from Spain the Mudejar Art form and architect, But the culture and food similarities as well as influenses on the mestizo music form.

Introduction
Mexico’s architectural landscapes have been enriched across time by the peoples that have left their own unique cultural legacy. The indigenous peoples built architectural wonders such as Teotihuacán, Monte Alban, Chichen Itza, and Palenque. Alongside these pre-Hispanic monuments, pyramids, and temples, the Spanish architectural legacy stands with its imposing churches, convents and palaces. The hegemonic ideology of the conquistadors can be inferred through constructions such as the church of the Virgin de los Remedios built on top of the great pyramid of Cholula, and the majestic Mexico City cathedral, built by Hernan Cortes, which was constructed with some stones from the Templo Mayor, the great Aztec temple of Tenochtitlan.
Within the colonial architecture, a third artistic element stands out for its own visually striking components. This element, which is present in churches, convents, palaces and houses, has its origins in the artistic and architectural Mudejar legacy of the North African Arab community that inhabited Southern Spain. Mudejar influence in the colonial architecture is often regarded as simply Spanish without taking into account the Arabic influence. I was curious to find out how these Mudejar elements, which flourished in Medieval Spain, were transported to colonial Mexico. Later, while doing fieldwork in Mexico City, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Tlaxcala, I realized that the process that led to Mudejar artistic elements in colonial buildings is much more complex than the mere physical presence of Arabs in the viceroyalty of New Spain. The imprinted Mudejar architecture in Mexico’s landscape embodies the hybridization of the Arabic and Spanish cultures as well as the complex Spanish Crown’s colonial project.
Literature Review
A scant body of literature exists on Mudejar art in Mexico. My readings can be grouped in three clusters: description of Mexican culture elements of Arabic origin; possible explanations for the presence of Mudejar art in Mexico; and the colonial process that led to the denial of the Mudejar in Spain.
In her dissertation, Concepcion Barron gives a general overview of the arts, buildings and elements of Mexican culture of Arabic origin as well as a brief historical background as to how these Arabic elements reached Mexican soil (Barron, 1932). Furthermore, an issue of the magazine Artes de Mexico focused on the architecture, cuisine and historical growth of Puebla de los Angeles and explored the Mudejar techniques and artistic elements in the landscape of this beautiful colonial city (Artes de Mexico, number 81, 82, 1966). In addition, the art historian Manuel Toussaint describes in detail the different Mudejar artistic elements and techniques in Mexican colonial buildings (Toussaint, 2001; 1967). In his book titled Aztecs, Moors, and Christians: Festivals of Reconquest in Mexico and Spain, Max Harris traces the origin of the theatrical staged battles between Moors and Christians throughout Mexico and Spain.
Most scholars agree that hybridization as a consequence of 800 years of co-existence between Muslims and Christians is the primary reason why Mudejar elements can be found in Mexico (Barron, 1932; Henares Cuellar & Lopez Guzman, 2001; Leon A. Zahar, 2001). Moreover, Barron and Henares Cuellar & Lopez Guzman point out that despite the fact that King Charles V prohibited the migration of Moors to the New World, he made sure that products and skills of Arab origin were brought to the viceroyalty of New Spain. In rare cases and under strict conditions Moors were shipped to Mexico. On the other hand, the Moroccan scholar Aouad Lahrech argues that the presence of Arabs in Mexico dates back as far as the conquest. However, the presence and contributions made by Arabs during the colonization period is not acknowledged since it was not properly documented (Aouad Lahrech, 2001).
The Catholic monarchs, Isabelle and Ferdinand, led the Reconquest program that ended the period of Islamic Spain. It was during this time that the Moorish community was singled out as the enemy and infidel (Fuentes, 1992; Henares Cuellar & Lopez Guzman, 2001). Leon A. Zahar highlights how an attitude of denial and shame towards the Moorish legacy was prevalent in the discourse of Spanish art historians. Later on, the attitude towards the Mudejar art among the Spanish art historians shifted to one of acknowledgement and pride with a nationalistic agenda in mind (Zahar, 2001).
Before proceeding, I would like to make some distinctions among the terms I will be using throughout my paper. In the literature the arts that flourished during the Muslim rule in Spain (711 to 1492) are referred to as Mudejar, Moorish, Islamic and Andalusian. Andalusia was the name the Muslim people gave to Southern Spain when they settled there in the early eighth century. Most of the scholars used the term Moor to refer to the North African Muslim Arabs who conquered and inhabited Southern Spain. I prefer to use the term Mudejar because it emphasizes an ethnic group within the extensive Arab and Islamic community. It refers to the North African Arab and Berber community from Morocco.
Methodology
In order to explore the possible explanations for the existence of Moorish artistic elements in Mexico’s colonial architecture, I combined fieldwork with historical research. Before going to the field, I did historical research at the University of California at Berkeley's library. Through this research, I learned about the history of Spain during the Arabic presence. I also learned about Mexican society during the colony, and which arts produced in Mexico and buildings come from the Mudejar art.
Then, I proceeded to make a list of the colonial buildings that displayed either Moorish artistic or architectural components in them. I decided to visit Mexico City, Oaxaca, Puebla and Tlaxcala after learning that these cities have outstanding examples of Mudejar architecture.
Findings
Underneath the Mudejar Geometric Lines
The beautiful geometric lines that adorn the Mexican colonial architecture hide a “package of moral and aesthetic values promoted by the Spanish Crown in the Americas through its royal foundations, in a process of conquest and acculturation” (Henares Cuellar and Lopez Guzman, 2001, p.86). The visually outstanding Mudejar decorative elements like ajaracas[1] and artesonados,[2] and structural components such as arches, open chapels and alfarjes[3] present in Mexico, are tangled with the complex socio-political and ideological reality of an emerging Mestizo society in the viceroyalty of New Spain.
The artistic style has been subject to shifting attitudes. The scholar, Leon R. Zahar in his article, The Vertex Defined: The Names of Islamic Art, describes the politics and shifting attitudes throughout time among the Spanish art historians with respect to the naming of the Arab artistic legacy. He states that “these works were characterized as barbarism left behind by the Mauretanians or Moors” (2001, p. 90); during “the nineteenth century, when the first histories of Spanish art were written, they were viewed as vestiges of foreign rulers, distant and undesirable” (ibid). Later on, Spanish historians and archaeologists began to speak of Hispano-Arabic, Hispano-Moorish or Arabic-Andalus in the early twentieth century, with a clear aim of assimilating the tradition into the national culture (ibid). The shift from excluding Mudejar art to begin including it in the art discourse had the purpose to appropriate this artistic style as part of the elements identified as national. Only then did it matter to acknowledge the Moorish imprint in the eyes of the art historians. Mexico, being a product of the process of hybridization that took place between Spaniards and the native population, inherited not only Spanish physical traits and culture, but the hegemonic ideological discourse of the time as well.
There are roughly two levels in which art served as a channel for three cultures (Arabic, Spanish and Mesoamerican) to meet. At one level the Spanish Conquistadors brought to the New World among many other things an artistic legacy—the Mudejar style, which flourished in Spain during the Muslim rule. As a result of their settlement in Spain in the early eighth century, Visigoth architectural styles were borrowed by the Arabs to enhance their own. For example, Abderraman I took advantage of the columns and other elements of the old Basilica of San Vicente to erect the Mosque of Cordoba, while Visigoth and Arab architectonic techniques were employed in this construction (Barron, 1932, p. 22). But there is another, more complex level of art serving as a common ground for the interaction of the Arabic, Spanish and Mesoamerican culture. Ignacio Henares Cuellar and Rafael Lopez Guzman explain how Mudejar elements were replicated in the New World:
Plied with commissions from conquistadors, landowners and churchmen all yearning for reproduction of their surroundings back home, the artisans built churches covered with elaborate tracery reminiscent of that of Toledo, Seville, Cordova and Granada (2001, p.87).
Under the authority of Spanish artisans, indigenous people had to build religious and civil constructions in a fashion foreign to them. On some occasions, the materials employed in Spanish commissioned works came from dismantled native constructions. In this way, the final product was a hybrid display of the contribution of these three cultures—the indigenous peoples’ hard labor and resources; Spaniards’ yearning to recreate Spain in the viceroyalty of New Spain; and the Arabs’ Mudejar artistic legacy in Southern Spain.
I will describe in detail two buildings: the church of the Franciscan Monastery in Tlaxcala; and the Royal Chapel of the Franciscan Monastery in Cholula, two of the most outstanding examples of Mudejar fashioned colonial buildings in Mexico. The church of the Franciscan monastery in Tlaxcala was built in 1524 mostly of archeological stone. It houses, according to the art historian Manuel Toussaint, “the most splendid example of alfarje which has been preserved; it shows how fully this magnificent Mudejar technique was carried on in New Spain" (1967, p.84). It has a flat ceiling with a perfect artesonado featuring an harneruelo[4] with large sections decorated with gold stars and traceries. The roof ends are simple gables attached to the almarbate or truss. Splendid coupled tie-beams rest on sturdy corbels; they are joined by three crossbars with starts on the central one and rhomboidal designs on the other two (Toussaint, 2001, p. 92).
The Royal Chapel of the Franciscan monastery at Cholula in Puebla falls into the category of open chapels which, in plan and general appearance, recalls the well-known mosque of Cordoba (Toussaint, 1967, p.31). This beautiful building, famous for its 49 domes, was built in 1575, and has undergone some modifications, but its basic structure has remained the same since the sixteenth century. Leon R. Zahar highlights how a hypostyle structure with arches makes a mosque stand out. The Royal Chapel is an exceptional example of this stylistic feature (2001, p.95).
Why Mudejar art in Mexico?
Hybridization played a crucial role for the presence of Mudejar elements in the colonial architecture of Tlaxcala and Puebla. Both cities were among the first places to be erected by the Spanish settlers. The selection and distribution of what would later be the Tlaxcala capital was completed in 1528 and the plan of what would constitute Puebla de los Angeles was laid out in 1531. Charles Gibson argues that Tlaxcala’s post-conquest privileges were a result of the Tlaxcalans struggle to maintain their independence throughout pre-conquest and their alliance with the Spaniards to defeat the Aztec empire (1952, p.26). Puebla de los Angeles was “part of a carefully considered plan, approved by the Crown, aimed at establishing a city in which Spaniards” (Artes de Mexico, 1966, p.21) could “feel a love for the land” (ibid). These two cities not only enjoyed having a fortunate position in the viceroyalty of New Spain, but the privilege to have the finest examples of Mudejar techniques in their structures as well. Maria Jesus Viguera summarizes how the process of hybridization between the Arabic and Spanish culture was brought by Conquistadors to the New World:
By the end of the fifteenth century, at the start of the Iberian peninsula’s relationship with America, the culture of Al Andalus had made a wide and profound impact on Spanish culture in several domains, and with the latter, as though embedded in it, Moorish culture traveled to America, while its imprint endured for centuries on the Iberian Peninsula (Henares Cuellar & Lopez Guzman, 2001, p.87).
The Moors influenced Medieval Spain in all domains: social, political and economic. The Mudejar art brought by the Spaniards came with this reality of co-existence and conflict. The complexity of the elaboration of the geometrical lines in the colonial buildings of Puebla and Tlaxcala was involved in the complexity of the socio-political and ideological colonial enterprise project.
Despite the lack of proper documentation “the anecdotal and legendary nature of the stories that fill the pages left blank by official history” (Lahrech, 2001, p.85) exemplify “in an important and symbolic way the strong Arab presence in America since the beginning of the conquest” (ibid). According to Oumama Aouad Lahrech, a Moroccan scholar who has explored the Andalusia culture and its outcome, Rodrigo de Triana, a Moor “neglected by official history” (ibid) was the first person to see American soil during Christopher Columbus’s first journey.
Since Mudejar was embedded in Spanish culture, there is little need to account for its establishment in Mexico by proving that Moors themselves traveled to Mexico. Nevertheless, it is known that under strict conditions and special circumstances some Moors did come to the viceroyalty of New Spain. Mudejars[5] and Moriscos[6] were banned from traveling to the New World, but in Mexico an order was issued to ship converts from Granada to cultivate mulberry trees and build a silk industry (Henares Cuellar & Lopez Guzman, 2001, p.87). Even though King Carlos V prohibited moors from migrating to the New World he promoted the migration of craftsmen who knew the Moorish “irrigation ditch or channel” skill as well as the flow of products of Arabic origin (Barron, 1932, p.37). The emphasis placed by the Spanish Crown in preserving and making sure that products and skills of Arabic origin circulated to the New World becomes clear. Also, the desire of conquistadors such as Cortes[7] of having access to products of Arabic origin in the viceroyalty of New Spain contributed to the presence not only of Mudejar artistic elements, but to a rich variety of products and knowledge. At the same time, the Spanish Crown was trying to prevent a mass migration of Moors to the New World, so that King Carlos V could control and exploit the skills of this community at his will.
The visible and invisible presence of the Mudejar in Mexico
There is a connection between the events that unfolded during fifteenth century Spain and the absence and presence of Mudejar elements in Mexico. The Spanish monarchs’ goal of territorial unity was becoming a reality (Fuentes, 1992, p.79) once the last standing Moorish Kingdom, Granada, was defeated in 1492. The “discovery” of the New World by Christopher Columbus that same year enabled the Spanish Crown to extend its rule overseas. Ignacio Henares Cuellar and Rafael Lopez Guzman point out how the Catholic monarchs appropriated the Moorish legacy to later impose it on the native populations of Mexico:
The conquistador’s firm resolve to debar indigenous peoples from any say in the colonial territories reflected rigid aristocratic and religious ideals, enunciated not only by certain moral and political criteria, but also in a given artistic language (2001, p. 86).
The church of the Franciscan monastery in Tlaxcala and the Royal Chapel of the Franciscan monastery at Cholula in Puebla highlight the fact that there is not a complete Mudejar structure in Mexico. The presence and absence of many Mudejar elements during the first hundred years of its bloom in Mexico reiterates the Spanish Crown’s aim in the viceroyalty. However, the Crown also imposed its religion, language, culture, ideologies and an artistic expression upon the native people of their colony. Therefore, underneath the Mudejar geometric lines lies a process of conquest and acculturation of two subjugated communities—the Arabic community back in Spain and the indigenous in Mexico. The Mudejar art became the vehicle in which two subjugated communities, otherwise separated geographically, met.
The conquistadors not only transported to colonial Mexico the visible Mudejar elements, but an equally important invisible prejudice against the community that produced this visually striking art. As I walked in Mexico City, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Tlaxcala and admired the Mudejar art in the buildings, I could not stop feeling that I was being transported to the glorious years of Islamic Spain. However, according to Oumama Aouad Lahrech, this aspect of Mexican culture remains “hidden in the depths of collective memory” (2001, p.86). Mexican writers have attempted to uncover “their shared roots, recovering the forgotten memory of their Arabic-Andalusian heritage” in order “to fill the gaps of a labyrinthine history” (ibid). The Andalusian heritage being excluded from the collective memory of Mexico is not merely accidental, but rather a process that has unfolded since the Spanish conquistadors left the Old World. From the very beginning of the conquest the conquistadors compared the pyramids and indigenous temples with mosques and the native population with Moors, in this way symbolizing the right to subjugate the Indians as they did with the Moors in Spain.
The “inherited” prejudice toward the Arab community is reflected in the theatrical spectacle of Moors and Christians staged annually throughout Mexico, of which the Morismas de Brancho[8] in Zacatecas is the largest. Max Harris, in his article titled Beheading the Moor (Zacatecas, 1996), explains the possible origins of this custom, “the tradition of morismas, which has its roots in late medieval Spain, is believed to have arrived in the region of Zacatecas in the early seventeenth century” (2000, p.3). The early conquistadors recreated their surroundings back in Spain into the viceroyalty of New Spain without leaving behind the bias and prejudice towards the Moorish community. Cultural aspects such as the Morismas, trace back some of the biases and prejudices that were taken unconsciously by the native people from the conquistadors. Therefore, it is not a surprise that today some Mexican scholars are beginning to seek their shared roots with the Arabic-Andalusian.
Conclusions
These findings illustrate how cultures travel across time and space, and how prejudice can be part of that cultural dissemination, leaving its mark in foreign lands. Yet cultural transfers can work to join, rather than divide communities. We can heed Oumama Aouad Lahrech’s call when he states “this profound Mexican Mudejarism is what allows us to build cultural bridges between the two shores of the Atlantic, bringing closer together what geography separated” (2001, p.87).
The presence of Mudejar techniques in colonial Mexican architecture was a result of 800 years of co-existence between Muslims and Christians in Spain. The Spanish settlers recreated the images they had of their surroundings back in Spain in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Mudejar art, therefore, was unquestionably present in the settlers’ minds when they commissioned the first buildings, houses, churches and convents to the indigenous craftsmen. It is important to acknowledge that there is not a single construction of this period that is completely Mudejar, but rather a construction would have a Mudejar architectural element such as an alfarje, a geometric carved decoration or an entire structure within a building.
Three different cultures—Arabic, Spanish and Mesoamerican were brought together in the construction of colonial buildings such as the Royal Chapel at Cholula in Puebla and the church of San Francisco in Tlaxcala. The beautiful complex designs of the alfarje inside the church of San Francisco in Tlaxcala express the coming together of three cultures at different levels in a complex social-political colonial project.
[Notes]
1 Mudejar geometric decorations with intricate networks of plaster covering exterior walls and forming stars or rhombi in a lozenge pattern.
[2] Coupled-rafters roofs with several exterior slopes built over a framework.
[3] Mosaic wooden roof with an artesonado with ornate decorations on the harneruelo and the tie-beams.
[4] The paneling over the collar-beams.
[5] Moors who lived as vassals of the Christians.
[6] Moors that converted to Christianity either by force and/or by will after the fall of Granada.
[7] Hernan Cortes in a letter dated October 15 of 1524 sent to King Carlos V wrote, “Many things were missing that we appreciated here, which are more of a delight than a necessity like: silk, sugar, and we now have in abundance like in Spain” (Barron, 1932, p.37).
[8] “Officially, the mock battles, religious processions, secular parades, fireworks displays, and saint plays tell three interwoven stories: the martyrdom of John the Baptist, commemorated by the church each year on 29 August; a legendary crusade of Charlemagne and the Twelve Peers of France, said to have taken place in 770 and to have had as “its sole purpose the rescue of holy relics” captured by the Turks; and the historical battle of Lepanto (1571), in which a Christian fleet under the command of John of Austria decisively defeated the Ottoman navy at the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth” (Harris, 2000, p.3).
References
Barron, Concepcion. (1932). La Influencia Arabe en España y su Resonancia en Mexico. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of History, University Autonoma de Mexico.
Cuellar, Henares Ignacio and Guzman, Lopez Rafael. (2001). Nomadic Geometry from Granada to Mexico: The Historical Reality. Artes de Mexico: Arte Mudejar Exploraciones, 54, 86-87.
Cuellar, Henares Ignacio and Guzman, Lopez Rafael. (2001). Mestizo Geometry: Mudejar Architecture in New Spain. Artes de Mexico: Arte Mudejar Variaciones, 55, 88-90.
Fuentes, Carlos. (1992). The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Gibson, Charles. (1967, c1952). Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Harris, Max. (2000). Aztecs, Moors and Christians: Festivals of Reconquest in Mexico and Spain. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Lahrech, Oumama Aouad. (2001). The Vertex Revealed: The Hidden Face of Mexican Culture. Artes de Mexico: Arte Mudejar Variaciones, 55, 85-87.
Moreno de Tagle, Enrique. (1966). The City of Puebla, its Growth and Development. Artes de Mexico: Puebla de los Angeles, 81 and 82, 21-23.
Toussaint, Manuel. (2001). Evocative Geometry Mudejar Reminiscences. Artes de Mexico: Arte Mudejar Exploraciones, 54, 90-93.
Toussaint, Manuel. (1967). Colonial Art in Mexico (Weismann, Elizabeth Wilder, Trans. and Ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Zahar, Leon R. (2001). Transformed Geometry Mudejar Presence and Absences. Artes de Mexico: Arte Mudejar Exploraciones, 54, 93-96.
Zahar, Leon R. (2001). The Vertex Defined: The Names of Islamic Art. Artes de Mexico: Arte Mudejar Variaciones, 55, 89

There are 22 Million Arabs in America. There are 22 Million Jews in America...

2006-06-12T15:03:00.000-05:00

Ebal said...
Thank you all for the comments. It seems that you all are very learned and aware of the other side of the coin when talking and learning about history. There are 22 million( Blood), meaning ethnic Jews i.e Hebrews in America. There are 20 to 22 millions Arabs in America as well... There will be more on this subject later thanks...And also on some other subjects thanks..EBAL

World Jew Population of 25 countries.

2006-01-19T09:09:00.000-06:00

25 International Jewish Populations they are in no cetain order. These are
Ethnic i.e blood Jews meaning Hebrews. Some are Christians some are religious Jews. This is only a count of 25 countries.

This pole was supposedly done privately by different organizations who meticulously counted and recounted and critiqued there counts. This is a fairley accurate count. And yes there are that many Jews in America. Our Census is a joke in this country it is not accurate at all. It is bias and controlled. Thats why Private Census counts are done here and elsewhere like this one and want to remain anonymous. So if you believe the American Census count you are blind.

1.
USA
18-22 MILL. 2.Israel 5 MILL. 500 THOU. 3. Russia 6 MILL.
4.Venuzuala 3 MILL. 5. Mexico 3 MILL. 6. Chile 2 MILL.

7.
France
3 mill.
8.
Argentina 3 MILL.
9.
Peru
1 MILL. 500 THOU.
10.
Columbia
3 MILL.
11.
Canada
600 THOU.
12.
United Kingdom
4 mill.
13.
Brazil
6 mill.
14.
Australia
500 thou.

15. Cuba 500 thou.

16. Germany 5 mill.

17. Poland 4 mill.

18. Netherlands. 1 mill.

19. Romania 1 mill 500 thou.

20. Ireland 500 thou.

21. Portugal 1 mill.

22. Greece 500 thou.

23. Italy 2 mill.

24. Spain 2 mill.

25. Ukraine 3 mill. 500 thou.

BABYLON THE AMERICA

2005-12-28T10:40:00.000-06:00

This is America to the T. What is amazing one of our main forts in Iraq bright now is named camp Babylon. Also, when America falls our Gov. or shall we say America the Babylon Gov. will probably set up in full swing in Iraq. As a matter of fact it is happening now. So if you look at it from all angles regardless its America that is Babel. Here and over there. Also another side note we are #1 in the world for divorce, drugs,adultery, alcoholism tide with Russia, suicide tide with Japan.#1 Cultic movements and new age. Drug import and export.

#1 Queer and or homosexuals and lesbians. #1 in the world for teenage and under teenage sex and pregnancies. #1 in the world for STDs i.e. sexual diseases. #1 in the world for interracial i.e. black and white relationships i.e. whoredoms. #1 in the world for turning our back on our Lord God Jesus. Anything to do with taking God out of America and we have done it. 10 commandment's etc. Prayer and the name of God and or Jesus, has been removed. I can bet you a nice size paycheck you wouldn't see them take the 10 commandment down in the Arab Muslim,Christian countries and the Muslims do have the same 10 commandments we do. And Italy, Mexico Latin American Countries, etc. wouldn't let them down neither. Meaning Catholic countries...>Also #1 in the world for incest. Beastiality etc. #1 one country in the world for citizens to be in debt because of credit bankruptcy etc. #1 in the world for law suits... #1 one in the world for rape, murder, and in most areas thievery. The crimes that are done in Memphis, Atlanta, Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile, have a higher crime rate than any city in the world per % of people in any given area. America is on the bottom of the list as far as high school education ignorance and illiteracy. Our high schools are at least 2 to 3 years behind than most of your foreign high schools... For example when a child from Mexico, India, Russia or the Middle east comes to school and they are lets say in the 10th or 11th grade and they have already done the material in the 7th or 8th grade in there home country something is wrong with our system. Our television, ie. Media, MTV, filthy television shows, black filth television and music etc. has done more damage to this country and the world it's amazing it has done so much damage to this country and the world just look at the statistics that have just been shown. Our media and MTV alone have done sinful damage. Imagine everything we show on our TVs that's immoral... People swallow this pill we are not America we were 5,10,15,20, years ago I don't know what to call us.... This statistic was done about 5 years ago by about 10 different private Christian, Jewish, and Muslim and other organizations. This is 5 years ago and we have not improved. We are5 years worse. You know I hope im wrong on what im going to say I reallyhope I am. But I hear people say we need revival there's going to be a revival,I hope there is going to be because we really need one. But I don't believe there will be, because the so called tstians= Christians don't want it or there to comfortable and complacent. Just look at what has happened to this once God fearing Jesus loving country, we have let it slip away from us. And the lord I think has said ok America you don't seem to need revival I will give it to other countries that need it worse than you and that's what has and is happening...People by the millions are being saved and seeing healing, and I mean old fashion type revival healing, and being saved and baptized with the Holy Ghost in Africa, Mexico, Middle East, SouthAmerica, China, Korea, Vietnam, The Islands... etc. They are receiving what America needs but doesn't want... Wake up people of this country of Sodom and Gomorrah which once was known as America you are missing the boat or have you already missed it. May our Lord God Jesus Christ have compassion and mercy on us...!!

>>>>>AMERICA THE BABYLON>>>>>>

1. Babylon would be an END TIME GREAT NATION (Rev 17,18; Isa 13:6).
2. Babylon would have a huge seaport city within its borders (Rev>>18:17). New York harbor is the biggest in the World.
3. The Great City Babylon is the home of a world government attempt (Rev>>17:18). This can only be NEW YORK, where the United Nations sits.
4. The Great City Babylon would be the economic nerve center of the world (Rev 18:3). New York is the Financial Capital of the World.
5. Babylon would be the center of a one world Luciferian religious movement (Jer 51:44).
6. Babylon would be the center for the move to a global economic order (Rev 13:16).

BABYLON THE NATION
1. Babylon would be the youngest and greatest of the end time nations>>(Jer 50:12). USA
2. Babylon would be the QUEEN AMONG THE NATIONS (Isa 47:5,7; Rev 18:7).USA
3. Babylon would be the most powerful nation in the world (Isa 47, Jer>>50, 51, Rev 18). USA
4. Babylon would be the HAMMER OF THE WHOLE EARTH (Jer 50:23; Rev>>18:23). USA
5. Babylon is called a lady, and has the symbol of the Lady (Isa>>47:7-9). "LIBERTY" on our money, and sits in the New York Harbor.
6. Babylon would be the praise of the WHOLE EARTH (Jer 51:41). USA
7. Babylon is center of world trade (Jer 51:44; Rev 17:18; 18:19).USA
8. Babylon would grow to be the richest nation in the world (Rev 18:3,>>7, 19, 23). USA
9. All nations that traded with Babylon would grow rich (Rev 18:3). USA
10. The merchants of Babylon were the GREAT MEN OF THE EARTH (Rev>>18:23). USA, all one need to do is look at the huge multi-national Corporations that exist. American companies (merchants) the greatest on Earth.
11. Babylon is a huge nation, with lands, cities, and great wealth (implied throughout).
12. Babylon is nation "peeled", or timbered, a land of open fields (Isa>>18:2).
13. Babylon is land quartered by mighty rivers (Isa 18:2).
14. Babylon is a land that is measured out, and populated throughout (Isa 18:2).
15. Babylon destroys her own land, with pollution and waste (Isa 14:20,>>18:2, 7).
16. Babylon is a land rich in mineral wealth (Jer 51:13).
17. Babylon is a the leading agricultural nation of the world (Jer 50,>>51; Rev 18).
18. Babylon is the leading exporting nation in the world (Jer 51:13; Rev>>18).
19. Babylon is the leading importing nation of the entire world.(Jer 50,>>51; Rev 18).
20. Babylon is a nation filled with warehouses and granaries (Jer>>50:26).
21. Babylon is the leading INDUSTRIAL NATION OF THE WORLD (Isa 13, 47,>>Jer 50, 51; Rev 18).
22. Babylon is noted for her horses (Jer 50:37). Think Kentucky,Tennesse,>Texas etc.
23. Babylon is noted for her cattle, sheep and other livestock (Jer>>50:26, 27; Rev 18:13).
24. Babylon is noted for her fine flour and mill operations (Rev 18:13)
25. Babylon is a nation of farmers and harvests huge crops (Jer 50:16,>>26, 27).
26. Babylon is a huge exporter of MUSIC. MTV etc. The filthy immoral music that America has exported has done more damage than you can imagine. We have poisoned the world with our venomous music( Black Filth Music)... AND SPREAD OUR IMMORALITY. And folks we are not talking about Rocknroll music here. Need I say what type of music we are talking about? Black Filth Music... If you LISTEN LOOK AND NOTICE YOU WILL KNOW. (Rev 18:22).
27. Babylon's musicians are known around the world. They are praised and cursed by the world. Once again our filthy music is poisonous. And we are not talking about Rocknroll music here either.RocknRoll or Rock is know where compared to the black filth that has poisoned and ruined the immorality of America. If people will get a pencil and listen and write down the noise that comes from that filth they will learn what we are talking about. It is racist, immoral trash. And the world's kids, especialy Americas kids are listening to it. (Rev 18:22)
28. Babylon has a huge aviation program (Isa 14:13-14; Jer 51:53; Hab>>1:6-10).
29. Babylon's skies are filled with the whisper of aircraft wings (Isa>>18:1; Jer 51:53).
30. Babylon has a huge space industry, has "mounted up to the heavens">>(Jer 51:53).
31. Babylon fortifies her skies with a huge military aviation program>>(Jer 51:53).
32. Babylon is portrayed as a leading in high tech weapons and abilities>>(Jer 51:53; Hab 1:6-10; implied throughout).
33. Babylon is a nation filled with warm water seaports (Rev 18:17-19).
34. Babylon is a coastal nation and sits upon MANY WATERS (Jer 51:13).
35. Babylon trades with all who have ships in the sea year round(Rev>>18:17-18).
36. Babylon is nation filled with a "mingled" people (Jer 50:37).
37. Babylon is a SINGULAR NATION founded upon OUT OF MANY, ONE (Isa 13,>>47, Jer 50, 51, Hab 1).
38. Babylon is a REPUBLIC or a DEMOCRACY, it is ruled by many counsels (Isa 47:13).
39. Babylon's governmental system breaks down (Isa 47:13).
40. Babylon is bogged down with deliberations and cannot govern properly (Isa 47:13).
41. Babylon's leaders use astrology, seers and mystics for guidance.Masons, Skull and Bones etc. (Isa>>47:13; Rev 18:2).
42. Babylon labored in the occult from her very inception Masons Skull and>Bones etc. (Isa 47:12).
43. Babylon falls to the occult just before her end by nuclear fire (Rev>>18:2)
44. Babylon was born as a CHRISTIAN NATION (Jer 50:12).
45. Babylon turns upon its heritage and destroys it all in the end. Just look at what it's doing to the Southern Heritage for example. The Negative filth you here today about the South and the Confederacy and the Civil War is blatant trashy Lies. For example the Rebel Flag the lies they said about that flag and its meaning is just plain lies. The history today that is being taught about our nation is pure lies and filth. It is one sided and pro black militant. (Jer>>50:11).
46. Babylon's Christian leaders lead their flock astray in prophecy and salvation (Jer 50:6; implied Rev 18:2). Prime example of today's preachers and Christian leaders. People need to open there eyes.
47. Babylon's Christian leaders are "strangers" in the Lord Houses of Worship (Jer 51:51). The preachers and Christians of today are not the preachers and Christian we had twenty years ago. Today they are not sincere. They are wolves in sheep's clothing.
48. The people of Babylon are deep into astrology and spiritism (Isa>>47:12; Rev 18:2). Look at Hollywood for example and people who copy them.
49. Babylon becomes the home of all antichrist religions in the world (Rev 18:2).
50. Babylon is a nation of religious confusion (Isa 47:12-13).
51. Babylon turns upon its own people and imprisons and slays them by millions (Jer 50:7,33; 51:35; 39; Dan 7:25; Rev 13:7;17:6; 18:24). This is coming and going to happen sooner than people think. Go ahead keepscoffing at conspiracy theorist a lot of there stuff has already happened and happening. Keep watching CNN>to death (Jer 50: 12). (ENGLAND)
54. The mother of Babylon has the symbol of the LION (Dan7:4; Eze 38:13; Britain I.e England Jer 51:38; Psalms 17:12).
55. The mother of Babylon will rule over her daughter her entire life (Dan 7:4; Jer 50:12). Follow the money, we are under total control of England's Banks, and have been since 1914
56. The mother of Babylon will be a state of major decline as the end nears (Jer 50:12). England is in the same boat as America is as far as immorality. It copies America in every way.
57. Babylon is considered to be a lion's whelp (Eze 38:13; Jer 51:38).
58. Babylon will have the symbol of the EAGLE and builds her nest in the stars (Dan 7:4 EAGLE WINGS; Isa 14:13-14; Jer 51:53). Who else has a space program as we do?
59. Babylon turns totally antichrist and is the leading antichrist power at the end (Rev 18:2; Isa 14:4-6). Christians wake up!!! Take the blinders off.
60. THE KING OF BABYLON is called LUCIFER, the ANTICHRIST (Isa 14:4-6).
61. The King of Babylon will rule from THE GREAT CITY BABYLON (Isa>>14:4-6; Rev 17: 18).
62. A world government entity will rise up to rule the world from BABYLON THE CITY (Isa 14; Hab 2, Rev 13, 17, 18).
63. This world entity will be a diverse entity, different than all other ruling bodies of the world (Dan 7:7, 23).

64. This entity will be a TREATY POWER ENTITY (Dan 7:7, 23 DIVERSE).

65. This entity will rise up and use the military power of Babylon the nation to RULE THE WORLD (Isa 14:4-6; Hab 1 & 2, Rev 13, 17).
66. Babylon is a huge producer and exporter of automobiles (Jer 50:37;>>Rev 18:13).
67. Babylon is a nation of CRAFTSMEN, experts in their trade (Jer 50,>>51, Rev 18:22).
68. Babylon is noted for her jewelry of gold and silver (Rev 18:22).>>>>69. Babylon is a huge importer and exporter of spices (Rev 18:13).
70. Babylon is a huge exporter of fine marble products (Rev 18:22).
71. Babylon is noted for her iron and steel production (Rev 18:12).
72. Babylon has huge corporations that have bases around the world (Rev>>18:23, implied throughout)
73. Babylon is a nation of higher education and learning (Isa47:10,>>implied throughout). To some extent.
74. Babylon is a nation with a GREAT VOICE in world affairs (Jer 51:55)
75. Babylon is a VIRGIN NATION, her lands untouched by major war (Isa>>47:1).
76. Babylon has a vast military machine (Jer 50:36; 51:30; Hab 1 & 2,>>Rev 13:4).
77 .Babylon will be instrumental in the setting up of Israel in the>>Middle East, and is the home of God's people (Jer 50:47;51:45).
78. Babylon will have a major enemy to her north (Jer 50:3, 9, 41).
79. Babylon's enemy will lie on the opposite side of the world,over the>>poles (Isa 13:5)
80. The enemy of Babylon will be noted for her cruelty (Isa 13,14, Jer>>50, 51, Rev 17, 18).
81. The enemy of Babylon will also have a huge aviation military machine>>(Jer 50:9, 14, Rev 18:8, 18 implied throughout).
82. Babylon will be filled with her enemies brought in under the guise>>of peace (Dan 11:21).
83. Babylon will have all of her borders cut off, and there will be no>>way of escape (Jer 50:28; 51:32).
84. Babylon will be destroyed by nuclear fire (Implied throughout)
85. Babylon is land vast land with huge cities, towns and villages throughout (Implied throughout).
86. Babylon will have been a huge missionary nation for Jesus Christ>>(Jer 50:11; 51:7).
87. Babylon would be a home to multitudes of Jews who leave (Jer 50:4-6, 8; 51:6, 45) There are roughly 22 Mill. Jews in America. And majority ofour top Gov. officials are Jews.
88. The people of Babylon would not know their true identity(Jer 50:6, implied throughout). That's because people don't study and read and keepup with there history and heritage.
89. The people of Babylon would think they are God's elect and eternal (Isa 47:7-8, Rev 18:7). YEP that's the truth to the core the arrogance of>the American Christian today has done more damage than you can imagine.
90. The people of Babylon would enjoy the highest standard of living in the world (Rev 18:7).
91. The people of Babylon would grow mad upon their idols (Jer 50:2, 38;>>Hab 2:18).
92. The people of Babylon would go into deep sins of all kinds (Rev>>18:5).
93. The nation Babylon dwells carelessly before the Lord (Isa 47:8).
94. Babylon becomes proud, haughty, and does not consider her end (Isa>>47:7-8).
95. Babylon deals in the occult, in sorceries and drugs (Isa 47:9, 12;>>Rev 18:23)

And finally, let me ask a question, What greater deception and trickery would there be to the whole world, to the world CHURCH, to the American arrogant Christians,to the Nations of the world, than for Babylon to be America? It says in the bible he will deceive and trick the whole world. The truth is, that all of Satan's players and cards are in place right now!, stop looking for a revival of the "Roman Empire" It is America , it all exists RIGHT NOW It IS HERE.... How is the hammer of the whole earth cut asunder and broken! how is Babylon becomes desolation among the nations! -Jeremiah 50:23 O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures, thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness. The LORD of hosts hath sworn by himself, saying, Surely I will fill thee with men, as with caterpillars; and they shall lift up a shout against thee. -Jeremiah 51:12-14 Christians=tsians of America wake up for God sakes get your head out of the sand..
I would like to add one more point after reading this above on America who in the Hell are we to go to another country and tell people how to Govern, worship,live and most of all how to handle there morals.. Your arrogance and stiff necks are going to be part of your downfall. YOU ARE IDIOTS!!!!! YOU ARE BLIND AND DON'T KNOW IT.. WAKE UP!!!!!

Blond and Red haired Egyptians

2005-12-28T10:15:00.000-06:00

Don't believe the Afrocentric B.S of the American influence of Egyptian history. The Egyptians laugh at our Afrocentric mentality of our country. And they should laugh it is an embarresment. What has happened to America and how could we have let it happen. Truly we are Babylon. And yes the Egyptians Race is and were White i.e Caucasian. And there ethnicity is and was Semitic. I disscused this with a few high school and college students and most not all thow, but most were completely blind and afrocentric brainwashed and it's sad what we have done to our students. And what is amazing this has just happend the past 15 years or so, well it realy started in the 60s but the past 15 years they have crammed it down peoples throats and brain washed people with this afrocentric B.S.... Well anyway I hope you enjoy... MOSHE

Red Haired Mummies of EgyptMary Sutherland Copyright 2003 - 2004 -2005Author of Living in the Light 'Believe in the Magic'Researcher of Ancient ManBUFO Paranormal and UFO RadioBurlington UFO and Paranormal Research CenterContactred haired mummies red haired mummies red haired mummies red haired mummies red haired mummies red haired mummies red haired mummiesA well preserved body from the pre-dynastic period in Egypt, circa 3,300 BC. Buried in a sand grave, the natural dryness of the surroundings kept the body preserved. His red hair have been so well preserved that he has been given the nickname "Ginger" at the British Museum where he is kept on public display.Right: "Ginger's" head.Queen Hetop-Heres II, of the Fourth Dynasty, the daughter of Cheops, the builder of the great pyramid, is shown in the colored bas reliefs of her tomb to have been a distinct blonde. Her hair is painted a bright yellow stippled with little red horizontal lines, and her skin is white. ('The Races of Europe', Carleton Stevens Coon, New York City, Macmillan. 1939, p.98)Mary's TidbitsThe mummy of the wife of King Tutankhamen has auburn hair.A mummy with red hair, red mustache and red beard was foundby the pyramids at Saqqara.Red-haired mummies were found in the crocodile-caverns of Aboufaida.The book HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN MUMMIES mentions a mummy with reddish-brown hair.The mummies of Rameses II and Prince Yuaa have fine silky yellow hair. Themummy of another pharaoh, Thothmes II, has light chestnut-colored hair.An article in a leading British anthropological journal states that many mummies have dark reddish-brownhair. Professor Vacher De Lapouge described a blond mummy found at Al Amrah, which he says has the face and skull measurements of a typical Gaul or Saxon.A blond mummy was found at Kawamil along with manychestnut-colored ones.Chestnut-haired mummies have been found at Silsileh.The mummy of Queen Tiy has "wavy brown hair."Unfortunately, only the mummies of a very few pharaohs have survived tothe 20th century, but a large proportion of these are blond.The Egyptians have left us many paintings and statues of blondes and redheads. Amenhotep III's tomb painting shows him as having light red hair. Also, his features are quite caucasianA farm scene from around 2000 B.C. in the tomb of the noblemanMeketre shows redheads.An Egyptian scribe named Kay at Sakkarah around 2500 B.C. has blue eyes.The tomb of Menna (18th Dynasty) at West Thebes shows blond girls.The god Horus is usually depicted as white. He is very white in the Papyrus Book of the Dead of Lady Cheritwebeshet (21st Dynasty), found in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.A very striking painting of a yellow-haired man hunting from a chariot can be found in the tomb of Userhet, Royal Scribe of Amenophis II. The yellow-haired man is Userhet. The same tomb has paintings of blond soldiers. The tomb of Menna also has a wall painting showing a blond man supervising twodark-haired workers scooping grain.The Funerary stele (inscribed stone slab)of Priest Remi clearly shows him as having red hair,The eye of Horus, the so-called Wedjat Eye. is always blue.A very attractive painting is found on the wall of a private tomb in West Thebes from the 18th Dynasty. The two deceased parents are white people with black hair. Mourning them are two pretty fair-skinned girls with light blond hair and their red-haired older brother.Queen Thi is painted as having a rosy complexion, blue eyes and blond hair. She was co-ruler with her husband Amenhotep III and it has been said of their rule. "The reign of Amenhotep III was the culminating point in Egyptian history, for never again, in spite of the exalted effort of the Ramessides, did Egyptoccupy so exalted a place among the nations of the world as she had inhis time."Amenhotep III looks northern European in his statues.Paintings of people with red hair and blue eyes were found at the tomb of Bagt in Beni Hassan. Many other tombs at Beni Hassan have paintings of individuals with blond and red hair as well as blue eyes.Paintings of blonds and redheads have been found among the tombs atThebes.Blond hair and blue eyes were painted at the tomb ofPharaoh Menphtah in the valley of the Kings.Paintings from theThird Dynasty show native Egyptians with red hair and blue eyes.They are shepherds, workers and bricklayers.A blond woman was painted at the tomb of Djeser-ka-ra-seneb in Thebes.A model of a ship from about 2500 B.C. is manned by five blond sailors.The god Nuit was painted as white and blond.A painting at the tomb of Meresankh III at Giza, from about 2485 B.C., shows white skin and red hair.Two statues from about 2570 B.C., found in the tombs at Medum, show Prince Rahotep and his wife Nofret. He has light green stones for eyes. She hasviolet-blue stones.A painting from Iteti's tomb at Saqqara shows a very Nordic-looking man with blond hair.Grafton Smith mentions the distinctly red hair of the 18th Dynasty mummy Henutmehet.Harvard Professor Carleton Coon, in his book THE RACES OF EUROPE, tells us that "many of the officials, courtiers, and priests, representing the upper class of Egyptian society but not the royalty, looked strikingly like modern Europeans, especially long-headed ones." (Note: Nordics are long-headed.) Long-headed Europeans are most common in Britain, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, and northern Germany.Time-Life books put out a volume called RAMESES II THE GREAT. It has agood picture of the blond mummy of Rameses II. Another picture can befound in the book X-RAYING THE PHARAOHS, especially the picture on thejacket cover. It shows his yellow hair.A book called CHRONICLE OF THE PHARAOHS was recently published showing paintings, sculptures and mummies of 189 pharaohs and leading personalities of Ancient Egypt. Of these, 102 appear European, 13 look Black, and the rest are hard to classify. All nine mummies look like our Europeans.The very first pharaoh, Narmer, also known as Menes, looks very CaucasionThe same can be said for Khufu's cousin Hemon, who designed the Great Pyramid of Giza, with help from Imhotep. A computer-generated reconstruction of the face of the Sphinx shows a European-looking face.It was once painted sunburned red. The Egyptians often paintedupper class men as red and upper class women as white; this is becausethe men became sun-burned or tanned while outside under the burning Egyptian sun. The women, however, usually stayed inside.In 1902, E. A. Wallis Budge, the renowned Egyptologist, described the pre-dynastic Egyptians thus:"The predynastic Egyptians, that is to say, that stratum of them which was indigenous to North Africa, belonged to a white or light-skinned race with fair hair, who in many particulars resembled the Libyans, who in later historical times lived very near the western bank of the Nile." [E. A. W. Budge, Egypt in the Neolithic and Archaic Periods (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1902), p. 49.]Later, in the same book, Budge referred to a pre-dynastic statuette that: "has eyes inlaid with lapis-lazuli, by which we are probably intended to understand that the woman here represented had blue eyes." [Ibid., p. 51.]In 1925, the Oxford don L. H. Dudley Buxton, wrote the following concerning ancient Egyptian crania:"Among the ancient crania from the Thebaid in the collection in the Department of Human Anatomy in Oxford, there are specimens which must unhesitatingly be considered to be those of Nordic type. [L. H. D. Buxton, The Peoples of Asia (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1925), p. 50.]The Scottish physical anthropologist Robert Gayre has written, that in his considered opinion:"Ancient Egypt, for instance, was essentially a penetration of Caucasoid racial elements into Africa . . This civilisation grew out of the settlement of Mediterraneans, Armenoids, even Nordics, and Atlantics in North Africa . . ." [R. Gayre of Gayre, Miscellaneous Racial Studies, 1943-1972 (Edinburgh: Armorial, 1972), p. 85.]When English archaeologist Howard Carter excavated the tomb of Tutankhamen in 1922, he discovered in the Treasury a small wooden sarcophagus. Within it lay a memento of Tutankhamen's beloved grandmother, Queen Tiye: "a curl of her auburn hair." [C. Desroches-Noblecourt, Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972), p. 65.] (See mummy picture)Queen Tiye (18th Dynasty), was the daughter of Thuya, a Priestess of the God Amun. Thuya's mummy, which was found in 1905, has long, red-blonde hair. Examinations of Tiye's mummy proved that she bore a striking resemblance to her mother. [B. Adams, Egyptian Mummies (Aylesbury: Shire Publications, 1988), p. 39.] (See mummy picture)A painting of the mother of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (18th Dynasty), reveals that she had blonde hair, blue eyes and a rosy complexion. [W. Sieglin, Die blonden Haare der indogermanischen Völker des Altertums (Munich: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1935), p. 132.]Princess Ranofri, a daughter of Pharaoh Tuthmosis III (18th Dynasty), is depicted as a blonde in a wall painting that was recorded in the 19th century, by the Italian Egyptologist Ippolito Rosellini. [Ibid., p. 132.]In 1929 archaeologists discovered the mummy of fifty year-old Queen Meryet-Amun (another daughter of Tuthmosis III); the mummy has wavy, light-brown hair. [R. B. Partridge, Faces of Pharaohs (London: Rubicon Press, 1994), p. 91.]American Egyptologist Donald P. Ryan excavated tomb KV 60, in the Valley of the Kings, during the course of 1989. Inside, he found the mummy of a royal female, which he believes to be the long-lost remains of the great Queen Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty). Ryan describes the mummy as follows:"The mummy was mostly unwrapped and on its back. Strands of reddish-blond hair lay on the floor beneath the bald head." [Ibid., p. 87.]Manetho, a Graeco-Egyptian priest who flourished in the 3rd century BC, wrote in his Egyptian History, that the last ruler of the 6th Dynasty was a woman by the name of Queen Nitocris. He has this to say about her:"There was a queen Nitocris, braver than all the men of her time, the most beautiful of all the women, blonde-haired with rosy cheeks. By her, it is said, the third pyramid was reared, with the aspect of a mountain." [W. G. Waddell, Manetho (London: William Heinemann, 1980), p. 57.]According to the Graeco-Roman authors Pliny the Elder, Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, the Third Pyramid was built by a woman named Rhodopis. When translated from the original Greek, her name means "rosy-cheeked". [G. A. Wainwright, The Sky-Religion in Egypt (Cambridge: University Press, 1938), p. 42.]We may also note that a tomb painting recorded by the German Egyptologist C. R. Lepsius in the 1840s, depicts a blonde woman by the name of Hetepheres (circa 5th Dynasty). The German scholar Alexander Scharff, observed that she was described as being a Priestess of the Goddess Neith, a deity who was sacred to the blond-haired Libyans of the Delta region. He goes on to state that her name is precisely the same as that of Queen Hetepheres II, who is also shown as fair-haired, in a painting on the wall of Queen Meresankh III's tomb. He deduced from all of this, that the two women may well have been related, and he suggested that Egypt during the Age of the Pyramids, was dominated by an elite of blonde women. [A. Scharff, "Ein Beitrag zur Chronologie der 4. ägyptischen Dynastie." Orientalistische Literaturzeitung XXXI (1928) pp. 73-81.]The twentieth prayer of the 141st chapter of the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, is dedicated "to the Goddess greatly beloved, with red hair." [E. A. W. Budge, The Book of the Dead (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1901), p. 430.] In the tomb of Pharaoh Merenptah (19th Dynasty), there are depictions of red-haired goddesses. [N. Reeves & R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Valley of the Kings (London: Thames & Hudson, 1997), p. 149.]In the Book of the Dead, the eyes of the god Horus are described as "shining," or "brilliant," whilst another passage refers more explicitly to "Horus of the blue eyes". [Budge, op. cit., pp. 421 & 602.] The rubric to the 140th chapter of said book, states that the amulet known as the "Eye of Horus," (used to ward-off the "Evil Eye"), must always be made from lapis-lazuli, a mineral which is blue in colour. [Ibid., p. 427.] It should be noted that the Goddess Wadjet, who symbolised the Divine Eye of Horus, was represented by a snake (a hooded cobra to be precise), and her name, when translated from the original Egyptian, means "blue-green". [A. F. Alford, The Phoenix Solution (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998), pp. 266-268.] Interestingly, the ancient Scandanavians claimed that anyone who was blue-eyed (and therefore possessed the power of the Evil Eye), had "a snake in the eye," and blue eyes were frequently compared to the eyes of a serpent. [F. B. Gummere, Germanic Origins (London: David Nutt, 1892), pp. 58, 62.]In the ancient Pyramid Texts, the Gods are said to have blue and green eyes. [Alford, op. cit., p. 232.] The Graeco-Roman author Diodorus Siculus (I, 12), says that the Egyptians thought the goddess Neith had blue eyes. [C. H. Oldfather, Diodorus of Sicily (London: William Heinemann, 1968), p. 45.]A text from the mammisi of Isis at Denderah, declares that the goddess was given birth to in the form of a "ruddy woman". [J. G. Griffiths, De Iside et Osiride (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1970), p. 451.] Finally, the Greek author Plutarch, in the 22nd chapter of his De Iside et Osiride, states that the Egyptians thought Horus to be fair-skinned, and the god Seth to be of a ruddy complexion. [Ibid., p. 151.]The Law Code of Hammurabi, 1750 BC. The code has been preserved intact on this stela, now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. At the top of the stela is picture of the king before Shamash, the (typically Indo-European) sun-god, who was also the god of justice. The introduction to the code is directly below the pictures, in which Hammurabi asserts that he has come to rule over the "dark haired people". The 282 laws cover such things as offenses against other people and property; disputes concerning land, trade, fees, professional services and family. Some of the punishments would be considered harsh by modern standards, but on the whole the laws present a picture of a well ordered society which lived by recognized standards and offered protection to all its citizens. Alongside is a detail from the stela showing the great Nordic King Hammurabi in profile. His racial features are clear in this depiction made during his lifetime.King Hammurabi has become most famous for his Code of Laws, dating from 1750 BC, which is widely but incorrectly held to be the first written legal code in the world (it was the second, the first being the code drawn up by the earlier White Sumerians). Hammurabi's Code of Law was engraved in stone and set up in the great cities of the region - to this day the Code is regarded as the father of the all legal codes of the world.While some of the laws themselves seem harsh to the modern mind (death for being unable to repay debt, for example) nonetheless the wording of the prologue to Hammurabi's Law Code provides a fascinating glimpse into the conflict between the Semitic and Indo-European populations in the region.In the prologue, Hammurabi announces that he has come to "rule the black haired people"; he is also referred to as "the White King" and the "White Potent", obviously in reference to his coloring.The original introduction on the Hammurabi Code, which was engraved in stone and is still existent, reads as follows :"Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the land, to further the well-being of mankind...""Hammurabi, the prince, called of Bel am I, making riches and increase,...who enriched Ur;...the white king,...the mighty, who again laid the foundations of Sippara...the lord who granted new life to Uruk, who brought plenteous water to its inhabitants...the White, Potent, who penetrated the secret cave of the bandits ..."Racially speaking, the inhabitants of Egypt at this period in time were divided into three groups. Skeletal evidence from grave sites show that the original White Mediterraneans and Proto-Nordics were in a majority in the area - a well preserved body found in a sand grave in Egypt dating from approximately 3000 BC, on display in the British Museum in London, has even been nicknamed "Ginger" because of his red hair - (See Above Photo)Go back toHome Page on Red Haired Racewww.buforadio.com/redhairedmummies www.burlingtonnews.net/lemurian1Syrian and Hittite Prisoners in the tomb, south wall of the second court, circa 1325 BC. The Egyptians took care to portray their enemies as accurately as they could: On the left, a pair of Indo-European Hittites, and on the right, Semitics from Syria.MOSES..SON OF QUEEN OF SHEBA AND SOLOMON?Queen of Sheba/HatshepsutSolomon/SenemutQUEEN OF SHEBAIn the time of King Solomon, however, another individual entered the picture. She was The Queen of Sheba (which roughly translated means "the Queen of the South"). Egypt is south of Israel, and according to the theories of Immanuel Velikovsky, the Queen of Sheba was Queen Hatshepsut. Her temple at Luxor in fact describes her visit to the "land of Punt", and all the things she brought back from there. "Punt" can be taken to mean, Israel --After the death of Thutmose II in 948 BC Hatshepsut calls on Solomon for help. This information we read on one of his statues, `I was in this land under [her] command since the occurrence of the death of [her] predecessor...'[P. Dorman, `The Monuments of Senenmut', (Kegan, Paul, London, 1988)]But the best thing Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt brought back was the "seed of Solomon (Senenmut)". When she returned to Egypt, she gave birth to a child, whose name was Menelik.The first year subsequent to the death of Thutmose II (948) would also be the 1st year of Thutmose III while still a child and the beginning of his co-reign with Hatshepsut. For the next 22 years, his `years of silence', Hatshepsut with the strong support of her closest courtiers, among them Senenmut/Solomon (Ir she-El Amon)/Jedidiah [2.Samuel 12:25; ], rules over Egypt. Even when young Thutmose turned 16-18 years of age she did not relinquish the throne. It appears that Thutmose realized that he would not have a chance to climb the throne in his teens because of the influence of Senenmut in particular. And this why today Egyptologists ask themselves the question, "How could someone with the drive and military ambition of Thutmose III stand by and allow Hatshepsut to retain the throne and virtually rule the country from the time he was 16 until he reached 24, or, even less likely, 35 years of age?" [KMT, Spring 2000, p. 53] His revenge was that he sowed strife and discontent in the Egyptian educated servant of Solomon, Jeroboam. We all know how successful that was.In about 948 Hatshepsut is seated on the throne as pharaoh and she begins the construction of her mortuary temple at Deirel Bahari in her 7th year in 941 BC. At about this same time Senenmut begins the construction of his mortuary temple connected to that of his queen. The queens tomb (TT#353) however was found by Carter in 1903 and penetrates 243 m (800 feet) deep into the rocks, so deep that air had to be pumped into it for the workmen to breath. Still another passage leads even further into the rocks but has not been explored to date. Inside were found her sarcophagus and that of Thutmose I, but little else remained.Two tombs prepared for Senenmut were found. Of these tomb 353 was never finished and sealed. The long, large tomb of Senmut (TT#71) located on the north-east corner of the temple of Hatshepsut, was found by Winlock in 1927. It was found that his portraits inside were mutilated everywhere, though the name of Hatshepsut was left untouched. His quartzite sarcophagus was smattered into small pieces strewn all around over a large area.We hear the last from Senmut in his 16th year which corresponds well with the last 20 years of the reign of Solomon were the scriptures remain silent about events as if he was not in Israel during that time. We think that after having met many of the kings from `the ends of the earth' Solomon indeed lived in peace during the 2nd half of his reign and that this situation allowed him to become Senenmut at the court of his royal friend Hatshepsut. Certainly we do not assume that he twittled his thumbs in Jerusalem. That the Bible is silent about any events relating to this time may be due to Jewish embarrassment that their king had such ties with Egypt and therefore they obliterated any memory of it in their writings.Year 9 of Hatshepsut (-939) is the year when the Punt Expedition was sent out. For the next 10 years Hatshepsut was engaged in carrying out her many constructions. But in 930 BC Solomon/Senmut died followed by the death of Hatshepsut in 926 BC.The Queen was followed by Thutmose III who invaded Jerusalem in -925, the 5th year of King Rehoboam of Judah. The reign of Thutmose III lasted until about 899 BC.For More Information on thisMUMMY TRIVIAThe mummy of Ramses III was so unattractive that he became the model for Boris Karloff's characterisation in the film 'The Mummy'The mummy of the red haired Egyptian King, Ramses II, is on public display at the Egyptian Museum, CairoForensics tests were done on Ramses, proving that his red hair was 'natural'. Ref: Ramses the Great by National Geographics.THE RED HAIRED RAMSES II - LAST SIGNIFICANT WHITE PHARAOHEgypt's last display of national vigor came with the red haired Pharaoh Ramses II (1292 - 1225 BC). Ramses II managed to re-establish the already decaying Egyptian Empire by recapturing much land in Nubia.He also fought a series of battles against invading Indo-Europeans, the Hittites. This was culminated with the battle of Kadesh in northern Syria. Ramses signed a treaty with the Hittites in 1258 BC, which ended the war. In terms of the treaty, Ramses took as his wife an Indo-European Hittite princess. His other achievements included the building of the rock-hewn temple of Abu Simbel, the great hall in the Temple of Amon at Karnak, and the mortuary temple at Thebes.After this king, Egypt entered into a steady period of decay, caused directly by the elimination of the original Egyptians, and their replacement with a mixed population made up of Black, Semitic and the remnant White population. This racially divergent nation was never again to reach the heights achieved by the First, Second or the first part of the Third Kingdoms. In these later years there were competing claimants to the pharaohs throne, many of whom, racially speaking, bore no resemblance to the original pharaohs at all.The mummy of Pharaoh Seti I is the most lifelike of the great pharaohs of Egypt, and a tribute to the embalmer's art. His caucasian features remain crystal clear and because of the excellent preservation process, Seti's mummy can easily be compared with a relief of his face made in his lifetime at the Temple at Abydos. Seti was the son of the great Ramses I, and became pharaoh in 1320 BC. He reoccupied lands in Syria lost to earlier Syrian invasions, conquered Palestine and conducted campaigns against the Semitic Libyans and the Indo-European HittitesThis is one of the finest statues of Thutmosis III, on the picture. This statue of basalt is kept in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Perhaps it has the actual size, it is about five feet tall - corresponding the ancient Egyptian average. It has nicely formed muscular structure, counterpointed by a face which has a hint of discord. It is not disturbing, but proves that the statue is strongly idealized. His benevolent look and nice smile are overruled by his strong nose, but his chin is definitely small. Since the statue had to resemble, these characters could not be changed.After the death of Solomon, Sheba was assassinated and evidence of her existence deliberated destroyed by Thutmossis III. We are lucky to have any thing left of this time in history.If the Exodus occurred at 1440 B.C. then the 18th Dynasty of Thutmose III (1504/3?-1450/47 B.C.) and his mother Hatshepsut (1503-1482), the woman king, would be considered Moses protectors. Hatshepsut, the queen was forced to flee during the reign of Thutmose III. "Moses was an initiated priest of Amon and the presumed son of Pharaoh's daughter.There is no definite reference to Moses in Egyptian texts, but there is a great relationship between the Egyptian Akhnaton and Moses in activities and events. Akhnaton had a definite relationship between himself and the priest of AmonHistorian Josephus asserted that the Scribes and the king eventually knew that Moses was the 'one of the Prophecy' but did not slay him because of the royal protection.At Deir El Bahri, there is a wall which depicts the birth of the future heir to the throne, one scene shows a baby boy in the arms of Hatshepsut-the infant Moses! There is also another statue found deplicting Solomon holding a boy child indicating that he holds protection over this child. In Acts 7:22 Stephen in an address to the Sanhedrin asserts that Moses was not only instructed in the science and learning of the Egyptians but was also endowed with oratorical ability and distinctive leadership qualities.The last that we hear of Senenmut (Moses was also named this..after father Senemut/Solomon) is in year 16 of Hatshepsut's Sheba's) reign.Moses slays an Egyptian (Ex 2:12) and flees Egypt (Ex 2:15) because pharaoh (Moses replacement) wanted to kill him. Tomb No. 353 was for Moses, but work stopped when he fled Egypt. The tomb remains unfinished . At the death of the great Pharaoh, God appeared in a burning bush to Moses.There is no definite reference to Moses in Egyptian texts, but there is a great relationship between the Egyptian Akhnaton and Moses in activities and events. The old religion of Egypt at one time had lost its inspiration because materialism was increased and a reformation was greatly needed. Akhnaton had a definite relationship between himself and the priest of Amon.Senmut, (Solomon) holding child under his chin. When 'queen of sheba' claiimed Moses as her son, he became the child heir-apparent to the throne of Egypt. The child wears the serpent on the forehead and lock of hair on the right side of the head that designates a prince of Egypt! It is Moses\Acts 7 that Moses could have become the ruler of Egypt cf. Hebrews 11:24).Thutmose III apparently did something that only occurred one additional time in the span of Egyptian history. Thutmose III, who undoubtedly hated her, completely eradicated nearly all her monuments throughout Egypt. Only on one other occasion Egyptian authorities eradicated the monuments of a previous pharaoh and erase his name wherever found. That was the case of the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten who closed all the temples of the Egyptian gods and tried to get them all to worship a single deity -- the god of the sun.Portrait of Tuthmosis I from his daughter's temple at Deir el-BahriAkheperenre(Tuthmosis II) The mummy of Tuthmosis II was found at Deir el-Bahri in a replacement coffin (the original owner is unknown) covered in the remains of his original wrappings.Tuthmosis II was a frail, rather weak-looking individual,.X-rays have tended confirm that Tuthmosis II died when he was around 30.Menkheperure(Tuthmosis IV)Tuthmosis IV was x-rayed again in the 1970s, it was possible to more accurately evaluate his age at around 35 years old, which accords well with the historical record, which indicates that Tuthmosis IV must have been around 40-46 when he died.Were the patriarchs and the Egyptian Pharaohs the Same?History describes them as a darker race, but in truth they were Caucasian In the study of Egyptian Kingdoms things can get quite confusing. For example the reigns of the early New Kingdom pharaohs Tao II, Kamose, Ahmose, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I and Thutmose II were not sequential, but overlapped substantially. many names were given to one individual and several nations could claim the pharaoh as their own under another title, ie. King, Emperor, etc.Abraham was Thutmose. Thutmose is a compound name coprised of thus (From Thoth, the Egyptian God of Wisdom) and Mose (an Egyptian title or suffix indicating son or rightful heir) .Egyptian Female Pharaoh: Queen Hatshepsut, wife of Pharaoh Thutmosis II. She ruled Egypt after Thutmosis' death in 1520 BC. Her long blonde hair and facial structure has been well preserved by the embalming process of the timeGenesis Patriarch Lamech (First line of Adam) is Thoth (Seth)whom murdered Osiris. In biblical history we show Lamech as blind and murdered Patriarch MehujaelThe myths and legends of Greece, India and South America describe the rule of Osiris and Isis. 'The Mighty Osiris and Isis walked into the Egyptian Valley out of nowhere and assumed command.'They were taller and more imposing than the men of the time, with long blond hair, marblelike white skin and remarkable powers that enabled them to perform miracles.Abraham was shown to be the faithful elder half-brother of both Tao II and Thutmose I (Mose=Son, Thut=Thoth).In Genesis 14, Abraham is given the pseudonym of Shem-eber king of Zeboiim (Memphis). Shemeber is translated as "Illustrious." However, it is also a compound name comprised of Shem (Sabium) and Eber (Hammurabi). These two ancestors were not only kings, but also masters of the sciences, law and philosophy . Abraham was placed in their company, not only with respect to wisdom, but also in kingship. Zeboiim, that is Memphis, was the ancient seat of kingship and wisdom in Egypt. (Ref: Living in Truth: Archaeology and the Patriarchs by Charles N. Pope)ThutmoseIV According to legend, nearly three and a half thousand years ago, one of the sons of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenophis II was out hunting near a plateau some ten miles from Cairo. Tired from his endeavours, the Prince Thutmose rested in the shadow of a mysterious head protruding from the desert sands.Thutmose duly fell asleep and, in a dream, heard the carved stone head whispering to him that one day he would become ruler of all Egypt ahead of his older brothers. The prince was also told that he would then free the body of the forgotten god from the desert sands where it had lain buried for centuries. Thutmose awoke refreshed, and, recalling the dream silently committed himself to clearing away the sands, intrigued that as a younger son, he could possibly become Pharaoh. He then left to continue his hunting.On the death of his father the prophecy become true, with the former hunter ascending the throne as Pharaoh Tuthmosis IV. Shortly afterwards the Pharaoh, who was only to reign for eight years (1413-1405BCE), honoured the pledge made as a younger man and cleared the area around the Sphinx revealing the God in its true magnificenceThutmose IV and Joseph (YUYA)Ahmed Osman proved that the identity of Biblical Joseph was that of Prime Minister Yuya in the Egyptian New Kingdom. *An ancestor of Yuya in the Egyptian Middle Kingdom served as his role model. This earlier member of Yuya's family had a similar name and held an identical office to his own. Working backwards from the time of Yuya in the Egyptian 18th Dynasty, the identity of the first Joseph can be found among the great princes of the 12th DynastyAhmed Osman reveals that when Joseph revealed his identity to his kinsmen who had sold him into slavery, he told them that "God had made him 'A father to Pharaoh'. Throughout the long history of ancient Egypt, only one man is known to have been given the title 'A father to Pharoah' - Yuya, a vizier of the eighteenth dynasty King Tuthmosis IV.Yuya has long intrigued Egyptologists because he was buried in the Valley of Kings even though he was not a member of the Royal House.Akhnaten was titled the 'heretic' king being that it was him and his mother Queen Tiy which created the rise of monotheism in Egypt. During his reign, the Pharaoh Akhenaten was able to abolish the complex pantheon of the ancient Egyptian religion and replace it with a single god, the Aten, who had no image or form.Pharaoh Akhenaten's Hymn to Aten is the same as Psalm 104 of the Bible.Horemheb may have been the oppressor king in the Book of Exodus. The time of departure of the Hebrews from Egypt would have been during the short reign of Ramses I, the first king of the nineteenth dynasty.UFO TRIVIAPharoah THUTMOSE III.. Egyptian ancient writings show: "One winter morning around the year 1,482 B.C. Thutmose III first saw a 'UFO'.... Described as; " a CIRCLE of FIRE", emitted no sound, it had no voice', according to inscriptions. After some days had passed, these things became more numerous in the skies than ever. "Were extremely bright or more...than the brightness of the sun, and were relatively small about 16' in diamater. Thutmose III was taken aboard and flew up to the sky and learned the secrets of HeavenEgyptian Moses=Son ofSenmut=SolomonThe Exodus Moses would then mean Son of SolomonBLUE BLOODS.WHAT DOES IT REALLY MEAN???There were the blue-bloods of Ancient Times which extended into European Times. . They actually did have blue blood, and it was not hemoglobin based but copper based. They were semi-human. There are still to this day, some animal species in South America that have copper based blood systems. There was a problem with hemophilia, and not because of intermarrying. The problem was that they started to marry outside of the copper based blood system. Hemoglobin and copper systems don't mix. That's where the laws against marrying commoners originated.Lobsters, octopuses, squids and horseshoe crabs have copper based blue bloodRamsesIIProfessor P. F. Ceccaldi, with a research team, studied some hairs from the mummy's scalp. Ramesses II was thought to be 87 years-old when he died, and his hair had turned white. Ceccaldi determined that the reddish-yellow color of the hair was due to a dye with a dilute henna solution. Many Egyptians dyed their hair, and this personal habit was preserved by the embalmers. However, traces of the hair's original color remained in the roots. Microscopic examinations showed that the hair roots contained natural red pigments, and that therefore, during his younger days, Ramesses II had been a red head. Analysis concluded that these red pigments did not result from the hair somehow fading, or otherwise being altered after death, but did represent Ramesses' natural hair color. Ceccaldi also studied the cross-section of the hairs, and determined from their oval shape, that Ramesses had been "cymotrich" (wavy-haired). Finally, he stated that such a combination of features showed that Ramesses had been a "leucoderm" (white-skinned person).Evidence for the Ancestors of the Guanches as the Founders of Predynastic Egyptby J.G. LissnerGIANT HEADRESSFROM URFrom the Royal Tombs of UR. Giant gold headress of Queen Puabi. This Gold headress is three times the size of a 'normal' human head.Queen Tiy (Taia,Tyre)Father was YuyaMother ThuyaMother and wife of Akhenaten (PharaohPriestess of the God Amun AmenhotepIII who was the father of Aye whom replaced Tutankhamun after his death)The most brilliant and famous of Egypt's queens in 18th Dynasty Egypt.This statue was found in the Temple of Hathor near the turquoise mines.Yuya-(Joseph II)Biblical Joseph Egyptian Prime Minister during 1400 BC.Father of Tiy. Yuya's blonde hair and Caucasian facial struture have been well preserved by the embalming process.Thuya, Wife of Yuya.Equally blonde and caucasian. She was the great grandmother of Tutankhamen.Mother of TiyEgyptian Female Pharaoh: Queen Hatshepsut, wife of Pharaoh Thutmosis II. She ruled Egypt after Thutmosis' death in 1520 BC. Her long blonde hair and facial structure has been well preserved by the embalming process of the timeThe ExodusThe Gospel According to EgyptEpitome of Ahmed Osman's books:Stranger in the Valley of the KingsMoses: Pharaoh of EgyptHouse of the MessiahAye succeeded Tutankhamun as Pharaoh, but ruled only a few years before he too mysteriously disappeared.(1) The army commander, Horemheb, married a surviving heiress (believed to be Mutnodjme, a sister of Nefertiti) of the royal line and became Pharaoh in his place.(2) It was during Horemheb's reign that Ramses was appointed commander of the Egyptian army. Ramses had formerly been the mayor of Zarw, and upon his appointment as army commander, he began to expand the fortress city of Zarw which was renamed Pi-Ramses (the House of Ramses) in his own honor.(3) Renewed building at Zarw was later inititated by Ramses II.When Horemheb died without heir and was succeeded by Ramses, the Egyptian 18th Dynasty came to an end. In the Sinai desert, at the location known as Mount Sarabit, there are the remains of an ancient Egyptian temple. It was here that the archaeologist Flinders Petrie found an exquisite statue of Akhenaten's mother, Queen Tiye.(4) It was also here that a stele set up by Pharaoh Ramses I was found which declared that the Aten and all its dominion were now under his rule.(5) What more logical location would there be for such a stele than at the very spot where Akhenaten (Moses) would have spent much of his time in exile? What other reason would Ramses have had to place this monument in such a remote area?Osman deduces that if Akhenaten were still living, Ramses I, the erstwhile underling of Akhenaten, would not have been allowed to make such a bold proclamation, or to ascend to the throne without a challenge. The description of Moses' return from the wilderness, found both in the Bible and the Koran, includes appeals which would have been used by Akhenaten to convince the elders of Egypt that he was indeed the exiled Pharaoh and should as the only remaining Thutmosid be duly reinstated as king.(6)Despite the former glories of the 18th Dynasty, Akhenaten was not welcomed back. Ramses had already taken firm control over both the military and the government of Egypt. Akhenaten was forced once again to leave Egypt. Perhaps, as the Bible describes, Akhenaten and the rest of his "chosen" ones who had not accompanied him into exile, would have been sent away with due respect and with rich gifts (Exodus 12:35-36), but nonetheless they were sent away. As the Book of Psalms records, at this final departure of Moses and his followers, Egypt was truly glad (Psalm 105:38), for in their minds, the reign of Akhenaten was a mistake, and the reason Egypt had been so severely afflicted by plague. In the 19th Dynasty Akhenaten, Semenkhare, Tutankhamun and Aye were excised from the king lists. They were considered to have never ruled and the lengths of their reigns were added to that of Horemheb's!The reign of Ramses I lasted only one full year, and correlates well with the death of the Pharaoh during the Exodus as described by the Bible.(7) Josephus, quoting Manetho, states that those responsible for Egypt's 13 years of trouble were attacked by "Rampses" and driven out of Egypt.(8) At the time of the death of Ramses I, his son Seti I, was involved in a military expedition in the Sinai,(9) because "the foe belonging to the Shasu are plotting rebellion."(10) The Karnak Temple mural from which this record is quoted also states, "the rebels, they know not how they shall [flee]; the vanquished of the Shasu [becoming like] that which exist not."(11) It stands to reason that an attack on a tribe of bedouins(12) could have waited at least until Ramses' burial ... unless Seti believed that they were considered a threat to the throne, or assisting the people he considered responsible for his father's death. (The name Seti is derived from the Nile Delta god Set. Set, in Egyptian legend was the murderer of Osiris. Later in Hebrew/Christian beliefs he became namesake of the Biblical Satan.)The following is a direct quote from "Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times" by Donald Redford.(13) "Shasu [literally meaning "a people who move on foot"](14) are found in Egyptian texts from the 18th Dynasty through the Third Intermediate Period. They most frequently occur in generalizing toponym lists where the context helps little in pinpointing their location. But lists from Soleb and Amarah [in Nubia], ultimately of fifteenth century [B.C.] origin [circa 17th/18th Dynasty] suggest that an original concentration of Shasu settlements lay in southern Transjordan in the plains of Moab and northern Edom. Here a group of six names is identified as in 'the land of the Shasu' and these include Se'ir (i.e., Edom), Laban (probably Libona, south of Amman), Sam'ath (cf. the Shim'ethites, a clan of the Kenites: 1 Chron. 2:55), Wrbr (probably the Wady Hasa) [, Yhw, and Pysps].(15) Elsewhere in texts of the 19th and 20th Dynasties, the consistent linking of Shasu with Edom and the Arabah (Timna) places the identifications on the earlier lists beyond doubt.""The localization of the 'Land of the Shasu' in the mountainous districts of Se'ir ... has an interesting consequence for one name in the mentioned lists from Soleb and Amarah - 'Yhw (in) the land of the Shasu.' For half a century it has been generally admitted that we have here the tetragrammaton, the name of the Israelite god, 'Yahweh'; and if this be the case, as it undoubtedly is, the passage constitutes a most precious indication of the whereabouts during the late fifteenth century B.C. of an enclave revering this god. ... Numerous passages in later Biblical tradition ... depict Yahweh 'coming forth from Se'ir' and originating in Edom."Donald Redford goes on to state that the Shasu "burst with especially grievous force just before the beginning of the 19th Dynasty across ... northern Sinai, cutting off Egypt's coastal route ... though Sety I had little trouble in beating them back ..." But why had these descendents of Laban (uncle/father-in-law of Jacob and great-great-great-grandfather of the Biblical Moses, Genesis 28:2) and adherents of Yahweh (i.e., Jehovah), whose homeland was in and around Mount Se'ir in Edom, suddenly appeared along the Via Maris (Mediterranean coastal route and main artery between Egypt and Canaan) at the same time that Moses and the Israelites are said (according to Manetho) to have been driven from Egypt by "Rampses?".A reasonable deduction is that they were requested by Akhenaten to assist in his return to Egypt, either to reclaim his throne, or to extract the remainder of his followers ("speak to Pharaoh about bringing the Israelites out"). The size of the Shasu force (200,000 by the Karnak account), which may have included the Exodus party ("the foe belonging to the Shasu"), and their actions (possibly raiding two Egyptian garrisons along the Via Maris in order to obtain water)(16) were likely used as justification for a counterstrike by Seti.The attacks on the Shasu were continued in the reign of the Pharaoh Ramses II who succeeded Seti, and were again considered important enough to be recorded on the walls of the Karnak temple, and at the Nile Delta city of Tanis(17) as well. Moreover, Ramses II's son and successor Merenptah lists another group (in lieu of the Shasu) as being a victim of his father's campaigning in Palestine, namely Israel itself (Israel stela account), indicating that by Merenptah's time Israel was recognized as a separate people apart from the groups recorded by the Egyptians as living in "the land of the Shasu."Sculpture found in tomb of King TutankhamunA version of the Hermopolitan cosmogony involves a celestial goose. This goose, commonly known as the Great Cackler because it was the first creature to break the silence, laid an egg on the primordial hill. The sun god Ra, who thereafter continued the creation process, broke free from this egg. In another slightly different (and later) version, it is an ibis that lays the egg on the island. This later version was adapted to the story of the Ogdoad because the priests of Hermopolis wanted to promote their local god Thoth (whom the Greeks knew as Hermes, hence the name Hermopolis). An association with the Ogdoad would have given Thoth more power and seniority over other popular gods.The most poetic version of the Hermopolitan myth reverts to creation coming out of the chaotic primeval ocean. Indeed, in this rendition of the story, it is a lotus flower that is said to emerge from the waters. The petals of the lotus flower unfolded and sitting on the calix (the centre / heart of the flower) was a divine child, the god Ra. A remarkable sculpture found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun shows the head of the young king emerging from a lotus flower, the petals fanning out around his neck -- an image that depicts the young king with the powers of the creator god Ra (see image left).In a variation of the lotus flower theme, it is a scarab beetle that emerges from the petals of the flower and who then turns himself into a little boy who weeps. The scarab beetle is an important symbol of the sun god Ra and this will be explored in later lessons.4000 BC The Sumerians from today's Iraq had contact with extraterrestrial civilizations according to their text. The extraterrestrials also interbred with humans and traveled with them to the stars. The kings were taken to the stars by the extraterrestrials. Sumerian text coincides with "the book of genesis". Their astronomy was highly developed. They had numbers with 15 digits! The Sumerians say extraterrestrials are from Mars, the star system Pleiades, and the star Sirius. Sumerian text shows drawings of solar system1500 BC Egypt, The Palace of Pharaoh Thutmosis III. Circles of fire are said to have hovered over the palace while fishes, winged creatures, and other objects rained down from the sky.Red Haired Mummies of Egypt

Interesting British Israel Info.

2005-12-28T09:50:00.000-06:00

This is fact. To much evidence that it is true. According to the Peshitta and the Midrash,Pentateuch etc. As well as the Ancient writings of Josephus, Ibn Kaldoun, Ancient Latin Documents of Rome etc. Even the King James bible touches on this. It is Accurate and cannot be disputed. Skeptical scholars for years have tried to dispute this but they run out of Ammo. Yair Davvidy has some interesting info as well on this. I have talked about this with various Christians, as well as Jews, and various Church Gatherings and have gotten some interesting response. People were very intrigued and Glad to discuss this info. Because alot of them have been told this by there ancestors through out the years and also gave alot of similar info that they learned from there parents, grandparents great grandparents etc. Hope you are enlightened and enjoy. as always thanks Moshe.. I will say one thing though about some of the info below I do not believe my Jesus was married or even considerd it. And I do not believe he had feelings in any way as far as sexual toward any woman.....!!!!!!!

Israel, Britain, and Early ChristianityAnd did those feet in ancient timeWalk upon England's mountains green?And was the Holy Lamb of GodOn England's pleasant pastures seen?And did the countenance divineShine forth upon our clouded hills?And was Jerusalem builded hereAmong these dark satanic mills?Bring me my bow of burning gold!Bring me my arrows of desire!Bring me my spear! O clouds, unfold!Bring me my chariots of fire!I will not cease from mental fight,Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,Till we have built JerusalemIn England's green and pleasant land."Jerusalem" (play again on your Midi player.)Related Topics:Early Celtic ChristianityCeltic Christianity after AD 570The Holy GrailIntroductionDid Jesus visit Britain? Did his mother Mary die here? Did Peter, and Paul, Luke, Simon, and other apostles preach here? Was the first Christian Church built here? All these claims and more are contained in ancient documents that most people do not read, or reject as apocryphal. But could they be true?It is a stirring and inspiring story. Could it be true? It is, after all, based on documentary evidence. The claims of the "British Israelism" movement are listed on this page, together with comments from the point of view of conventional scholarship and the restoration.General CommentsSources:This topic is too big to do justice to on one page, so I will just list the major claims. The information is from The Drama of the Lost Disciples, by George F. Jowett. Page numbers refer to that book. This and similar publications can be ordered from Covenant Books, 8 Blades Court, Deodar Road, Putney, London SW15 2NU, or online from artisanpublishers.com. Please note that these publishers have nothing to do with the LDS church!The Messenger site has a good page on Joseph of Arimathea at website.lineone.net/~mahonri/winston.htm. This is part of a fundamentalist (i.e. pro-polygamy) web site. It contains some great material - well researched and thought through. I am very impressed by the site. But there are fundamental errors with fundamentalism.The British Israelite Position:At its simplest, the British Israelite believers say that Joseph of Arimathea visited Britain some time after the crucifixion. (Joseph was the man who provided Jesus' tomb - see Matthew 27:57-60, Mark 16:43-46, Luke 23:50-53, John 19:38). The story is that Joseph was a tin merchant who sometimes came to Cornwall (the ancient centre for tin mining). This is quite a modest claim, and backed up by several ancient traditions.At its most developed, there are claims that the British are literal descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, and that Britain, not Rome, is the true cradle of Christianity in the years following the crucifixion. Jesus himself had visited this land while a young man, and many of the apostles visited at later times. This legend is best expressed in Blake's famous poem Jerusalem, later set to music by Parry.Do Modern Scholars Take These Claims Seriously?Possibly not. But how many scholars do you know who even read the sources? The British Triads, the Roman histories, the Byzantine Martyrologies, and so on? And how many of these even take them seriously? If we do not take them seriously, it is only because we filter them through modern points of view. It seems to me the "British Israelite" believers have simply read the works that we ignore, and said "maybe they were telling the truth."That isn't to say that every claim will turn out to be true. Every scholar has to revise his work, especially where ancient history is concerned. But after seeing the mess that many scholars make of the Bible, I am personally inclined to trust the people who trust the ancient sources.How Important Are These Claims?I have not investigated the "British Israel" theory as closely as I would like, so I cannot say whether all the claims (or even most of them) stand up to scrutiny. I am not an expert. But the claims deserve to be heard. After all, few people would disagree that at least one of Christ's original apostles may have visited Britain as part of their command to go into "all the world." So it is reasonable to assume that Britain had a claim to apostolic authority. It is also safe to assume that the British church would have developed a little differently to the church in Rome, if only because of the great distance between them.But if these claims are true, they are significant for three reasons:They shed new light on the Great Apostasy. It shows another fulfilment of how the Lord uses far flung corners of his vineyard in an attempt to preserve the truth - see Jacob chapter 5 (Book of Mormon).We see that the apostasy was not a quiet slide into obscurity, but a life and death struggle between the outlying churches and Rome, dramatically reconstructed in the book "The Drama of the Lost Disciples"Many (if not most) of the early Latter-day Saints traced their roots back to Britain, and most of these are (according to patriarchal blessings) literal descendants of the house of Israel.The ClaimsEach of these claims are defended and developed at length in the books published by Covenant and elsewhere. Here I just list them with minimal comment.A Summary of the Boldest Claims:In brief, it is claimed that the following visited Britain at least once:Jesus Christ (with his uncle, Joseph, long before his ministry began)Mary, mother of Jesus (and she died here)PeterJamesPhilipSimon Zelotes (who was martyred here)Joseph of ArimatheaMary MagdaleneMarthaLazarus (whom Jesus raised from the dead)Maximin (whose sight was restored by Jesus)LukePaulAristobulusand othersAlso...The word "Christian" was first used in BritainBritain also saw the first Christian churchBritish people began the church in RomeThe bodies of Peter and Paul are in Britainand so on.Why was Britain chosen? Because the claim is that the British people have Hebrew origins, had never been defeated, worshipped Jesus by name in pre-Christian times, and so on. Let's look at this in a little more detail.Claims Regarding Joseph of ArimatheaJoseph of Arimathea was a wealthy Roman - called "nobilis decurio" in the ancient texts. Traditions say he was a tin merchant. Cornwall was the centre of the tin trade, so it is likely he made regular visits.The apostle John, given responsibility for Mary (mother of Jesus), saw that he could not offer her the safety she needed, made Joseph her "Paranymphos" (guardian)According to the Talmud (?), Joseph was Mary's uncle. When Mary's husband died, Joseph of Arimathea could have become Jesus' legal guardian. This would explain traditions that say Jesus visited Britain - he would have come with his uncle.According to the Catholic historian Cardinal Baronius, in AD 36 Joseph and other important Christians were set adrift from Palestine in a boat without oars. They drifted finally to Marseilles in France, and from there went to Britain.According to Baronius, quoting "The Acts of Magdalen" and other manuscripts, Joseph brought with him Mary Magdalene, Martha, Lazarus (whom Jesus raised from the dead), Maximin (whose sight was restored by Jesus) and others. Other sources say that Philip and James also accompanied Joseph.One record states that Joseph was ordained by the apostle Philip, and this was done on three separate occasions.According to Gildas (Britain's foremost early historian, writing in the sixth century), Joseph introduced Christianity into Britain in the last year of Tiberius - AD 37.According to contemporary Roman accounts, Claudius' campaign against the British (soon after Joseph's party arrived) was a war of religious extermination.According to Melchinus in AD 450 (and also William of Malmesbury), Mary the mother of Jesus was buried at Glastonbury.What Other Scholars Say:Some other scholars disagree with all this. But if you examine their arguments, they come down to "the ancient historians were always changing history to suit themselves so we don't trust them." But they are unable to prove that the ancient historians were mostly liars. Personally, I trust the ancient historians more than the modern ones.Claims Regarding Jesus and the Early ChurchAccording to religious teachers in India, Jesus visited the Himalayan kingdom of Nepal while a young man. They state that he the went on to "The Sacred Isles of the West," to "Britashtan, the seat of religious learning" (note what Gildas said about British universities).It is noted that the tribute money in Matthew 17:24-26, often assumed to be the temple tax, is stated in the text to be for strangers (verses 25-26). The fact that it was requested of Jesus may imply that he had been away from Palestine for some time before his ministry began.British tradition is that the young Jesus visited the site of Avalon (later Glastonbury) and built a wattle altar or church (wattle was the usual building material at the time). St Augustine later referred to this in a letter to Pope Gregory.Claims Regarding the Early Christian Church:Writers in Bible lands first heard the word "Christian" at the sea port of Antioch. But Sabellus (writing AD 250) says the word was used prior to that in Britain.According to Bishop Lightfoot and others, Paul's epistle to the Galatians was probably written to Gaul, and not the less important outpost of Gaul called Galatia. Hence Paul moved through what is now France. The British Isles were not as inaccessible as was once thought.According to various Roman Catholic statements, the church in Rome accepted until recently that apostles were in Britain before Rome.According to Pope Pius XI (in 1931), it was Paul (and not Augustine) who first introduced Christianity into Britain. According to Polydore Vergil (a famous catholic at the time of Henry VIII), "Britain... was of all kingdoms the first to receive the Gospel." Another Catholic leader, Robert Parsons, states that "The Christian religion began in Britain."According to Matthew 21:43, the kingdom of God would be taken from the Jews and be given to "a nation" that could deliver its fruits.According to St David (AD 546), the Glastonbury church was the first land the Christian church owned anywhere.During the time that the apostles visited Rome, the main Christian stronghold (where the apostles tended to stay) appears to have been the Palatium Britannicum, the British Palace. It became the first Christian church in Rome. It was owned by the British general Caractacus, whose son Linus became the first bishop of Rome, according to the Apostolic Constitutions.According to Eusebius (as quoted by Simon Metaphrastes), Peter visited Britain during he time he was at Rome.According to various early sources, Aristobulus preached in Britain.According to Smith's Dictionary of Christian Biography, St. Luke preached in Gaul and elsewhere, and made frequent trips to Britain.According to Dorotheus (in AD 300), Simon Zelotes was crucified and buried in Britain. Adding together the various sources, the lists of saints buried at Glastonbury is superior to any other site in the ancient world.According to the Pauline manuscripts at Oxford, and also the British Triads, Paul preached in Britain for a short time. (The New Testament is silent for six years of Paul's mission, and many scholars assume he preached in Gaul for this time).According to Bede, the bodies of Peter and Paul are in Britain - they were moved here centuries after their death after a request from the king to the Pope at the time.There are plenty more claims of this nature, but listing them all is beyond the scope of this page. I am sure you get the general idea by now.Claims Regarding the Nation of BritainClaims regarding the ancient Britons (Before Christ):Many "British Israelite"ers make the grand claim that the ancient British were predominantly Hebrew. I have looked at many sources relating to the ancient Britons, and the evidence does not seem to say this. The LDS point of view is that most modern Britons do have some blood of Israel in them. But this could just as well mean we are all on average 1%% Hebrew and 99% Gentile - that would still mean we have the blood of Israel.Nobody Can be Sure:Of course, nobody can be sure. If anybody says "the evidence PROVES this or that" they are at best misrepresenting and at worst lying, because:There are no surviving ancient Celtic or Druidic books from before Christ - we do not have their own version of eventsThere are many different groups that are classed as Celtic. Just because one had a particular belief, that does not mean that all had that belief.We have relatively few remains, so there is a lot of guesswork. For example, a lot of conclusions are based on a single example of an ancient Celtic man who's remains were preserved in a bog. How realistic is it to draw conclusions on an entire society based on a single individual?Many of the written sources come from enemies. For example two sources speak of human sacrifice among the ancient druids. But one is from a Christian writing long after the events, who considered them all to be non-Christian pagans. Another is from the Romans who were busy fighting them at the time and would want their people to hate them. There is an example of a preserved corpse that seems to have been ritually killed, but for all we know it could have been a criminal or from a minority group.Claims Regarding the Medieval Britons (Long After the Early Apostles):Many "British Israelite"ers claim that Britain is so strongly descended from Israel that the Biblical prophecies regarding Israel are fulfilled in Britain. Most scholars strongly disagree. The LDS church also disagrees. Israel in the Bible refers either to the nation of Israel or to the church. The case for Britain being predominantly biologically Israel is weak. And the case for Britain representing the true church died in the Dark Ages, the Great Apostasy.The LDS View - Statements by Modern Day ProphetsA Definition of Israel:"Israel - Who are Israel? They are those who are of the seed of Abraham, who received the promise through their forefathers; and all the rest of the children of men, who receive the truth, are also Israel. My heart is always drawn out for them, whenever I go to the throne of grace."- Discourses of Brigham Young (DBY), p 437Israel is Diluted and Mixed With Other Nations:"Israel is dispersed among all the nations of the earth; the blood of Ephraim is mixed with the blood of all the earth. Abraham's seed is mingled with the rebellious seed through the whole world of mankind."- DYB, p 437Brigham Young also said that the Anglo-Saxon race has the blood of Ephraim. But given that Ephraim's descendants have been spread thinly over all the world, and that most of them (us) are in a state of apostasy, we should not be surprised if most of the world does not look or act like Israelites!Some Misunderstandings Regarding Changing Blood:"Again, if a pure Gentile firmly believes the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and yields obedience to it, in such a case I will give you the words of the Prophet Joseph: "The effect of the Holy Ghost upon a Gentile, is to purge out the old blood, and make him actually of the seed of Abraham."- DYB, p 437Some people think that the LDS church teaches that blood physically changes when someone is baptised. Other people think that the idea of the "blood of Israel" is racist. Both ideas are false. Anyone who joins the church, if they are not Israel already, are adopted into the house of Israel. As John the Baptist said to those who relied on their blood ancestry:Luke 3:8:"Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance, and begin not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to [our] father: for I say unto you, That God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham.""Purging blood" just refers to cleansing the inner person, including cleansing of anything bad inherited from the past ("foolish traditions of their fathers" as the Book of Mormon bluntly states it). It is explained in Hebrews 9: 13-14:"For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh: How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God?"Now let us return to the separate issue of the legacy of Joseph of Arimathea:Whitby and the Loss of Early British ChristianityThe "Golden Age" then the Great Apostasy:All this refers to the time before Gregory the Great sent Augustine in the late sixth century to "convert" the British.The teachers of the "British Israelite" theories do not directly admit that the sending of Augustine was a tragedy that destroyed whatever good the British church had preserved. But by their own evidence that is exactly what happened. Page 162, speaking of the Synod of Whitby, says:"Though the British Church [up to this point] steadfastly refused to recognise the recently instituted authority of the Pope, A.D. 610, flatly denying the worship of Mary or the use of the term 'Mother of God', proclaimed by the Roman Church AD 431, at the council of Ephesus, or the doctrine of Purgatory, established by Gregory the Great about the year AD 593, they shared the same communion."In other words, they drank from the same poisoned goblet, and in time the British church accepted all these things and more. The book will not say that giving in to Rome after 600 years, was a disaster. All it will say is, in the very next paragraph:"The first six hundred years following the Passion of Christ can truly be called the Golden Age of Christianity."When Gregory sent Augustine to "convert" the British, all was lost.A Criticism of British Israelitism:The British Israelite theory (as far as I have seen) teaches that the British retained its truths even through the Dark Ages. I think this is a great weakness in the theory. It ignores the testimony of history. If Rome had so many errors, how could Britain be ruled by Rome and accept those errors without becoming polluted?No wonder people cannot accept the evidence that the British church as once great, when they are also asked to swallow the idea that its greatness continued through the ignorance and evils of the Dark Ages. Plainly the British church as as mixed up as every other church for that period. People see it and say "the British church is not so great - British Israelitism must be rubbish." Yet perhaps the British church was great, once, before it became just another satellite of Rome?Reformation or Restoration?The "Lost Disciples" book tries to say that the British church was revived by the Protestant reformation, which rejected much that was Roman and unbiblical. But even here it has to admit the truth. Henry VIII is credited with bringing about the reformation in England. Yet he turned out to be even worse than the Roman church leaders. On page 145 we see that the British church headquarters at Glastonbury had survived the worst the Roman empire and Roman church could throw at it for 1500 years. But it could not survive Henry VIII."This despotic monarch not only stole all its precious possessions but robed it of all its ancient privileges and brutally murdered the last Abbot."The true church could not be reformed with men like this in charge. The truth must be restored in the same way that it was restored the last time - by prophets of God, with the ministering of angels, under the direction of Jesus Christ himself.Conclusion:The British church - and the church everywhere - needed to be restored from heaven. And it was, in the year 1830, the only year it could happen, and exactly as prophesied.I do not know if all the claims of British Israelitism are correct. I know that many Christians think they go too far. But I also know that these same critics do not even read the early texts.I will just finish by noting that Joseph Smith claimed to be a literal descendant of Ephraim - and this Joseph's ancestors came from Britain.Finally, Joseph Smith's Ancestry:Joseph Smith claimed to be a literal descendant of Ephraim, and this Joseph's ancestors came from Britain. But perhaps Joseph had another ancestor he could not even talk about, because people would accuse him of blasphemy? (We are indebted to Robert J. Morris for pointing this out.)Much of the recent work on the Holy Grail is based on the idea that Jesus as married and had children, and that his blood-line survived through the Merovingian royal family, and in particular Charlemagne. The Grail theorists come up with other claims - e.g. a grand conspiracy - that scholars have heavily criticised. But the basic idea of a blood line seems seems well supported. Indeed, at least one respectable scholar has made a very strong case that, from the eidence in the New Testament, Jesus MUST have been married. (See William Phipps, Was Jesus Married? (New York: Harper & Row, 1970)So it seems reasonable that Jesus had children, and all the evidence points to Charlemagne being one of his descendants. Now comes the really interesting part.The Restoration Prophecy web site points out that Joseph Smith was a descendant of Robert Smith, who was born in Toppesfield, England, in 1623. As with many people, his genealogy can eventually be traced back to royalty. But which royalty? In the case of Robert Smith, his lineage has been traced back to royalty in the line of Charlemagne.What makes this significant is that Joseph Smith did not know this. Yet he gave a dramatic interpretation of Isaiah chapter 11 (see Doctrine and Covenants 113:1-6). The "stem of Jesse" (e.g. the main trunk of the tree from King David) is Christ. The "rod" growing from the stem is a certain servant of Christ in the last days. Joseph was too modest to say, but the clear implication is that this "rod" is Joseph Smith himself. When we speak of a family tree, a rod growing from the stem has to be a descendant.The Bottom LineIf these claims are true, then God did not leave the church in the hands of the Beast - Rome. He prepared another place of safety. But by the late sixth century even Britain had been overcome.

GLASTONBURY TRADITION

2005-12-09T13:04:00.000-06:00

A note to sceptics and people who refuse to learn more.

This is what Jesus said My people perish for lack of knowledge.

TRADITION OF GLASTONBURY: The Lost Years of Jesus
Where was Jesus during the "lost" years...and is there a connection between that...and Joseph of Arimathea...and the Shroud of Turin? These answers would become a book, but we will give a brief synopsis here, based on Bible facts, a legend (more fact than fiction)...and actual historical documents. First we must establish that the wealthy Joseph of Arimathea (present day Ramallah in Israel) was, in fact, great uncle to Jesus. Joseph of Arimathea is described in the Bible as a counsellor...a good man...and a just...who, concerning Jesus' death sentence, "had not consented to the counsel and deed of them" ( the Sanhedrin...of which he was a member). He was also, secretly, a disciple of Jesus. After the Crucifixion, when evening had come, Joseph went to Pontius Pilate and begged the body of Jesus, though Mark 15: 43 states that he "went in boldly unto Pilate". Then he bought a fine clean linen cloth, and took Jesus down from the cross, wrapped Him in the linen, and laid Him in his own sepulchre. According to John 19: 40, he buried Jesus "as the manner of the Jews is to bury". "And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death..." Isaiah 53: 9...another great prophecy fulfilled. From the tomb of Jesus, Joseph disappears from the Scriptures. However, the Jewish Talmud declares that Joseph of Arimathea was the younger brother of Mary's father, making him Mary's uncle...and great uncle to Jesus. The Eastern Church, through ancient traditions, also asserts this. The Harlein Manuscripts, housed in the British Museum, adds that Joseph called his daughter Anna "consobrina"...meaning cousin of Mary. In other historical manuscripts, he is referred to as Joseph de Marmore, a title of honor, stemming from his birth as a prince of the House of David. At the presumed death of Mary's husband, Joseph, this great uncle, apparently took over legal guardianship of Mary's family.
By Gildas Badonicus, the earliest known British historian ( 516-570 AD), Joseph of Arimathea was referred to as "nobilus decurio"...which is similar to the term that St. Jerome used in his "Vulgate of St. Mark's 'honorable counsellor'...Decurio ". This denotes a high ranking Roman office...as well as one in charge of Rome's mining interests in Britain. This title would have certainly assured Joseph as "kinsman redeemer" of the body of Jesus. It is well known and documented that the early Phoenicians and the Hebrews traded and mined tin in Britain as early as 1500 BC. So, Joseph was in the tin mining business on behalf of Rome, and had great wealth to show for it. He also must have had great ships available for Jesus to have traveled to many parts of the world. One place he traveled to was fairly certain...Britain...the Isle of Avalon...a place called Glastonbury.
Following the Crucifixion of Christ, persecution of the early Christians was rampant and brutal. But, what happened to Joseph? One tradition is that he, along with other disciples, including Mary, mother of Jesus, were sent adrift out of Caesarea by the Sanhedrin...in a boat without oars or sails. By Divine guidance and navigation, they arrived safely at Cyrene in northern Africa, where they obtained oars and sails. They then followed the Phoenician merchant trade route as far as Marseilles, France. Rabanus Maurus, Archbishop of Mayence (766-856 AD) listed some of the other passengers as "the two Bethany sisters, Mary and Martha....their brother Lazarus...St. Eutropius...St. Salome...St. Cleon...St. Saturninus...St. Mary Magdalene...Marcella (the maid of the Bethany sisters)...St. Maxim (or Maximum)...St. Martial...St Trophimus (Restitutus, the man who was born blind)". It is assumed that others, including Joseph's family members were aboard. In Marseilles, "having called upon God, the great King of all the world, they parted; each company going to the province where the Holy Spirit had directed them; presently preaching everywhere, ' the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following'." Joseph and Mary, mother of Jesus, and a few others continued on to his familiar destination...the Isle of Avalon in Britain. They were well known there...from earlier and more peaceful times. Jesus had accompanied his great uncle there as a young boy, and had taught those of the ancient Druid faith, had taught miners how to extract tin and purge it of ore, and had built a small wattle hut...a very first Christian church...and a home for his mother. The Druids, very early on, believed in One God, a Trinity, and in the coming of one "Yesu" or "Hesus".
One ancient manuscript, "Victory of Aurelius Ambrosius" by Gildas Albanicus states clearly that Britain received the Gospel during the time of Tiberias, prior to 37 AD, and that Joseph was sent to Britain by St. Philip. He was to found the Christian religion there, and would remain in Britain the rest of his life. The earliest documented support for this was written by Tertullian (155-222 AD), who wrote: "The extremities of Spain, the various parts of Gaul, the regions of Britain which have never been penetrated by Roman arms have received the religion of Christ". The Father of Ecclesiastical History and Bishop of Caesarea, Eusebius (260-340 AD) wrote: "The Apostles passed beyond the ocean to the isles called the Brittanic Isles." These documents, though there are more, make this much more fact than legend.
Joseph of Arimathea and disciples arriving in Britain.

For centuries, through fragments of poems and songs of miners, a refrain has been handed down in Glastonbury: "Joseph was a tin man, Joseph was in the tin trade." There are many old mines in nearby Cornwall that still retain ancient Hebrew names...and are referred to as "Jew's Houses", referring to the "Judahites"...the tribe of Judah to which Joseph of Arimathea belonged. The Tradition of Glastonbury tells of how, after he buried our Lord Jesus, Joseph went to Britain, carrying with him two cruets, one of our Lord's blood...and the other of His sweat. He also is said to have taken the Lord's Cup from the Last Supper (the Holy Grail) to Glastonbury. Upon his arrival, he is said to have thrust his staff into the ground...from which grew the Holy Thorn Tree...the only thorn tree in the world that blooms at Christmas time, as Jesus' birthday would come to be observed, and again in May. According to botanists, the tree is native only to countries on the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Cuttings from this tree still bloom to this day.
From a window in St. John's Church in Glastonbury.
Glastonbury Holy Thorn Tree.
A young Jesus had built the very first Christian Church, a wattle hut, and a home for His mother, with the help of His great uncle. That same Uncle Joseph, and Jesus' mother returned to that very site on the Isle of Avalon to carry on the work of our Lord...and to spread the Good News throughout Britain. The Wattle Church became known as the the "Culdee Church"...or the "Church of the Refugees". In Britain, Culdee was the first name ascribed to the British Church...or the True Christian Church...NOT to be confused with the Church of England. The Culdee Church remained true to the original teachings of Christ. The Druids of Britain were the first converts to the Culdee Church...the two were so closely entertwined. Throughout this beautiful land are remnants in stone, referring back to when the Lord's feet walked there..."Tunic crosses", depicting a young boy in a short tunic with arms out-stretched, a well bearing His Name, heraldic shields showing two cruets on either side of a cross, carvings showing the Lamb and the Cross...along with a legal document, a confirmation of this Royal Charter can be found in the official Domesday Book of Britain (1086 AD) which declares: "The Domus Dei, in the great monestary of Glastonbury, called the Secret of our Lord. This Glastonbury Church possesses, in its own villa XII hides of land which have never paid tax." This was granted to Joseph of Arimathea and the other Apostles, including Mary, mother of Jesus, by King Arviragus...along with the freedom to pass in safety in times of war from one district to another. The original source of the information from the historian of King Arviragus can be found in the British Museum...a part of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
It is said that Jesus' mother, Mary, completed her days on earth in Glastonbury.... but the years cannot be known for certain. Though Jesus, from the Cross, had committed His mother to the charge of John, the beloved disciple had yet to fulfill his Apostleship in Ephesus, where safety would not have been guaranteed. Therefore, it would have been a wise decision to keep her in her Uncle Joseph's guardianship. An early document, the Magna Glastoniensis Tabula, at Naworth Castle confirms this: It states, "St. John, while evangelizing Ephesus, made Joseph Paranymphos."...meaning guardian. Of course, Jesus knew this...as He meant that John would accept Mary as his own mother: "Behold thy mother!" The actual Greek manuscripts state, "And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own"....the word "home" is not in the original text. Maelgwyn of Avalon, in about 540 AD, wrote the "Historia de Rebus Brittanicis", in which he stated: "In this church they worshipped and taught the people the true Christian faith. After about fifteen years Mary died and was buried at Glastonbury. The disciples died in succession and were buried in the cemetery." Over the original site of Mary's home, the first Christian wattle Church was built, called the "Old Church" or "Vetusta Eccesia"...later to become known as the "Culdee Church"...or Church of the Refugees". The existence of this wattle Church is historically proven by two Royal Charters, one signed by King Ina in 704 AD...and the other signed by King Cnut in 1032 AD.

The ruins of the later built stone Abbey Church and The Lady Chapel in Glastonbury can be seen today...in all its beauty...and with all its secrets. It has been called "Secretum Domini" (The Secret of the Lord)...and "Domus Dei" (The House of God). The pictures will give you an idea of its sacredness. The sarcophagus of Joseph of Arimathea, in the St. John the Baptist Church at Glastonbury, has an inscription that reads: "To the Britons I came after I buried the Christ. I taught. I have entered my rest". It also bears the initials J.A. The Cup of the Last Supper...or Holy Grail will be addressed below. So will the fact that this "legend" is in keeping with the Holy Scriptures!

Many stories and legends have been woven around the Cup of the Last Supper...or the Holy Grail...most concerning King Arthur and his knights. Glastonbury also makes claim to the body of King Arthur as well as that of his Lady Guinevere. There are ancient documents that recorded the unearthing of the remains of a man of "gigantic proportions", and of a woman whose locks of yellow hair were still intact but fragile. An earlier report of a cross found at the site told of the inscription on the cross: "Here lies buried in the island of Avalonia, the renowned king Arthur". Not only was King Arthur reported to be a great military leader, and a devout Christian, but he was also documented as a descendant of Joseph of Arimathea.
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The sarcophagus of Joseph of Arimathea.
The two cruets of the blood and sweat from our Lord were recorded as buried with Joseph, though his sarcophagus, and an enclosed silver casket, had been moved several times throughout the centuries. The silver casket is missing, but the base for it still remains. There were many ancient documented witnesses to the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea, too much to be written of here. It is said that Joseph buried the Cup of the Last Supper in the earth of what is known as Chalice Hill. Contrary to the popular belief in a cup or chalice made of gold or silver, this cup was made of olive wood, which is much more in keeping with what Jesus would have used in Judea. The recorded miracles surrounding the Cup are numerous down through the centuries...so much so that people would bite small pieces of it off for more healing! This is known as the Nanteous Cup, and it is not impressive to behold...but it IS believed to be the actual Cup of the Last Supper...the Holy Grail.
This may very well be what remains of the actual Cup of the Last Supper...the Holy Grail.
The tradition of Glastonbury is too strongly founded in writings, hymns, and structural evidence to be mere legend. The Scriptural testament that Joseph of Arimathea purchased the burial shroud for Jesus...claimed His body and buried Him, gives validity to the fact that Joseph was, indeed, great uncle to Jesus. That, in turn, gives probability that Mary, mother of Jesus, was left in his care...and that the tradition of Glastonbury is much more truth than not. Joseph of Arimathea has, for centuries, been associated with the Holy Grail. Some scholars have compared the Holy Grail to the Shroud of Turin ...as it is believed to contain the blood of Jesus. Thus, there is a direct link to all of these in the actual historical record of Jesus of Nazareth. Though Glastonbury was called "The Secret of the Lord", there are clues in the Bible that back up the tradition. There is an analogy in God's Word, of which these are a few examples: "Behold, I have refined thee, but not with silver..." (Isaiah 48: 10)..."And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried..." (Zechariah 13: 9)..."for he is like a refiner's fire...And he shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver; and he shall purify the sons of Levi..." (Malachi 3: 2-3). These passages all have to do with metal...and mining. Glastonbury has Jesus doing just that...as a young boy. And finally, Revelation, chapter 12, tells of the woman travailing in birth, who "brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron: and her child was caught up unto God, and to his throne." A great red dragon stood ready to devour her child as soon as he was born. "And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she hath a place prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and threescore days." Jesus also promised to prepare a place for US...as He did for His mother...the Secret of the Lord...which veiled at least some of the lost eighteen years of His earthly life. Yet, Jesus assures us: "For nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest; neither anything hid, that shall not be known and come abroad." (Luke 8: 17).
A very ancient stone inscription on the south wall of Mary's Chapel..."Jesus"..."Maria".
Our recommendation for in-depth Bible Study for Truth...

Ancient Hebrew Travels

2005-12-09T13:00:00.000-06:00

A very accurate account. Ebal

ANCIENT HEBREW SEA MIGRATIONS
(The Fulfilment Of Bible Prophecy In Ancient Israel's European Colonies)
MODERN science and archaeology in recent years have made tremendous progress in uncovering facts about our forgotten past. Not only has much of the Sacred Story been confirmed as fact but many misconceptions about it have been proven untrue. A common misconception of yesteryear was the idea that although the Phoenicians traded and established colonies throughout the Mediterranean area, their Israelite neighbours never set foot on a boat or visited distant lands in ancient times. This idea persisted in spite of the fact that the word, 'Hebrew' itself is known to have signified 'a colonist'. Modern research has in fact now documented that ancient Semitic colonization in Europe, including Hebrew, was 'enduring and significant,' according to Dr Cyrus H. Gordon, whose extensive research was highlighted throughout an entire issue of the (March, 1996) BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST magazine. Having written over 20 books and learned over a dozen languages, Dr Gordon is widely considered the leading Arnerican archaeologist and antiquarian of the twentieth century. His research has established that 'no longer can we we ... consider Israel the vacuum-packed miracle from Sinai. Rather must we view Greek and Hebrew civilizations as parallel structures built upon the same East Mediterranean foundations.' (Homer & Bible, page 72)
COLONIZATION BY THE BIBLICAL TRIBE OF DAN
Scholars have written for centuries about an ancient sea-faring people known to modem history books as the Tuatha de Danan who founded civilizations in Greece, Spain, Britain, and Ireland. Scholars now know that the word, Tuarth, means 'tribe'. Dr Gordon has also established that the suffix, 'AN' was added to proper names in early times to signify a people or community. Thus, the name of these important early European colonists should be translated, the 'tribe of Dan.' Was this the Biblical people, one of the twelve tribes of Israel? Indeed it was, according to Dr Gordon, who relates, 'A group of Sea People, bore the name of "Dan." The Bible tells how a segment of the seafaring (Judg. 5:17) Danites [were part of ] the tribal system of ancient Israel ... The Danites were widespread. Cyprus was called Iadnan "Ihe Island of Dan (an)." The same people were called Danuna, and under this name they appear as rulers of the Plain of Adana in Cilicia. Greek tradition has their eponymous ancestor, Danaos (Dun), migrating from the Nile delta to Greece... [Note that the Israelites did in fact emigrate from Egypt.] So important was this movement that the Greeks afterward called themselves Danaoi for centuries. Virgil also designated the Greeks as "Danoi" Bold scholars see the influence of the Danites in Irish folk lore ... and in the name of Danmark (Denmark): the land of Dan ... It is a mistake to accept the consensus and to imagine that Sea People with enough striking power ... to change the course of history were unenterprising to the point of never sailing west of Gibraltar.' (p. 108, 111, BEFORE COLUMBUS)
Dr Gordon also points out Biblical evidence that 'three of the [Israel] tribes are described as navigational.. Zebulon, Dan and Asher (Gen. 49:13; Judg. 5: 17)', ibid., page 112. Based on the eminent Dr Gordon's research, we see that the ancient Hebrews not only sailed throughout the Mediterranean and Atlantic European coasts, but settled there and founded European civilization. Similarly, in the appendix to noted antiquarian G. Robert Gair's GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT AND RACE MOVEMENTS, (1932) is the statement, 'Migration ... was responsible for the emigration of a great mass of Dan, Asher, Zebulon and Naphthali, who thus evaded the captivity under Assyria [762-676 B.C.] and turned nomad.' Logically, Israelites evaded the Assyrian power to the east, by migrating westward. How do we verify where these Israel tribes went in ancient times? One way is by language study.
Early antiquarian scholar, Aylett Sammes, published his extensive research in 1676 in a work entitled, THE ANTIQUITIES OF ANCIENT BRITAIN DERIVED FROM THE PHOENICIANS. He pointed out (p. 58) that the Danites were also known in British history as 'Damnonii,'but that 'the transposition is very easy and usual, and hides not at all the original, Dan.'The Danites settled especially in southwestern Britain's 'Phoenician' tin districts, he says, adding that in this area many rivers, cities, and hills have names compounded with the tribal name, 'Dan.'

HEBREW-PHOENICIAN WORD ORIGINS
Many words and customs in early Britain show their Hebrew-Phoenician origin. Aylett Sammes gives (p. 64), for instance, the Phoenician word, Rheda, meaning a chariot, as the source of the Celtic words, Rhediad, a course, Rheder, to run, and Redeesa, a race. Essedum was a Gaulish and British word for a wagon, and corresponded with the Semitic Dassedan,signifying the same thing. Pen was the Celtic word for a high and steep hill, which came from the Phoenician, Pinna. The Celtic, Bro, or Boro, meaning a region or country, corresponded with the Phoenician Baro. Numerous other examples are given by Sammes to show that the Phoenician influence in the settlement of Europe was very significant. Modern scholar Cyrus Cordon further relates that historians often use the word, Phoenician, in its 'wider sense' of Semitic peoples in general, including the Hebrews. The wide extent of their influence is shown on the map we've reproduced from a standard history textbook. Although labelled 'Phoenician' or 'Syrian,' we believe the evidence indicates that ancient Israel deserves credit for much of that which has been attributed to her neighbours. A more complete discussion of the Celtic link with Israel is included in our forthcoming tract, THE HEBREW-CELTIC CONNECTION.

European Landmarks Show Semitic Colonization
Chapter three of Aylett Sammes' study provides evidence that much of the coastland of Europe and the Mediterranean was settled by Hebrew-Phoenician speaking people. Here are a few of the place-names given by Samrnes with their Hebrew-Phoenician root meanings:
EUROPE: Greek Europa, received its name from the Phoenician, Urappa, signifying 'a country of white complexions.'
ASIA: or 'Asi' in the Phoenician language signifieth the country between or in the middle.' Evidently, Asia Minor (modern Turkey) was considered the land between Europe and the Mid-East.
AFRICA:'signifies a land of corn or ears in the Phoenician dialect.'
SPAIN: or Spania, from 'Spania, country of rabbits.'
ITALY: or Italia, was called by the Phoenicians, 'Itaria, from the exceeding quantities of pitch it yielded. The letters R and L being easily convertible in the Eastern tongue.'
LUSITANIA: a region bordering the Atlantic; modern Portugal. 'Luz in the Phoenician tongue, signifies an almond; tania is a Greek addition.'
BRITAIN: or Britannia, from the Phoenician,'Baratanac, a country of tin. Metals such as tin and lead were mined and exported from the west coasts of Cornwall and the Scilly islands.'
ALBION: from 'Alpin, in the Phoenician tongue, a high mountain, from the high rocks on the western coasts where the Phoenicians first landed.'
CALEDONIA: ancient name of Scotland, named for 'its rocky and mountainous nature,' from 'Galedtun in the Phoenician tongue ... a hard, (rocky) hill.'
BALEARES: two islands in the Mediterranean on the coast of Spain, from 'Bal jaro, a master at slinging in the Phoenician. These islands were ever famous, as is notoriously known, for excellent slingers, upon which account they had their name from the Phoenicians.'
CORSICA: a Mediterranean island, received its name frorn the Phoenicians from its woodiness. 'Corsis signifies a woody place.'
SARDINIA: a Mediterranean island 'received its name from the resemblance it had to the foot of a man. Sarad and Sarda, in the Phoenician tongue, signifies the footstep of a man.'
MALTA: anciently known as 'Melita, in the Phoenician tongue, signifies a Place of Refuge, or Sanctuary,' because it was 'lying exactly in the middle between Tyre and the Straits [of Spain], whither the Phoenicians trafficked'
RHODES: (Greek, Rhodus), an island in the Mediterranean, 'took its name from the multitude of serpents it produced, upon which very account it was called Ophiusa, by the Greeks, or, an island of Serpents. Rod, in the Phoenician tongue, is a serpent.'
CYPRUS: anciently (hard 'C') Cerastis, 'So called from the many promontories, as Stephanus witnesseth. Keren, in the Phoenician, is a horn, or Promontory.'
SICILY: (Italian Sicilia) 'had its name from the abundance and excellency of its grapes, from which it supplied Africa in former times, as witnesseth Diodorus . .. Segulaia is a country of Grapes in the Phoenician tongue.'
SYRACUSE: the metropolis of Sicily, 'It is agreed, took its name from a stinking and unwholesome marsh upon which it stood, called Syraco [which], in the Phoenician tongue signifies an Evil Savour.'
AETNA: 'a burning mountain in Sicily, without question took its name from the continual fire and smoke, which in all ages, and to this day breaketh from it. Attuna, in the Phoenician tongue, signifies a furnace or chimney. Aeluna signifies a smoky fog, in the same dialect.'
TANGIER: formerly Tingis, 'was a great Mart of the Phoenicians, who had a colony in it, according to Pompus Mela. Tigger, a mart, from Tagger, to trade, in the Phoenician, and Taggar, a trader.'

HEBREW OR PHOENICIAN?
Although Professor Sammes gave these and many other examples of European place names indicating a Phoenician origin, it is important to note that the Hebrews and Phoenicians spoke the same language, with only minor differences. The Phoenicians, in fact, were Sernitic distant relatives of the Hebrews, tracing their origin back to ancient Chaldea, the home of the patriarch Abraham. Nevertheless, we have good reason for suspecting that much of the so-called 'Phoenician' trade and colonization was in reality Israelite.
Early 19th century noted antiquarian scholar, Sir William Betham, studied the Celtic origins of Europe, and his studies of early Italy were published in a two volume work, ETRURIA CELTICA. Sir William reproduced ancient coins from the kingdom of Utruria, in Italy, known as the Etruscan civilization. Interestingly, several of the Utrurian coins discovered were rninted in honor of their deity, which was none other than Yahweh, God of the Hebrews! We have reproduced examples of these coins from the book, and Betham comments as follows:
A human head in profile, proceeding from a shell, under it, the word, HAT, in the later Etruscan character ... The word [also] appears written TAH ... it is written both from right to left, and vice versa. The word, TA in the Celtic, is the auxiliary verb AM, IS, also EXISTENCE, BEING, i.e. the self-existent being, God. O'Reilly RENDERS IT JEHOVAH [OR YAHWEH] ... I find in the MS. Dictionary of the late William Haliday, and that of James MacGauran, the same meaning is given.' (vol. 2, page 135) Sir William continues, 'No. 2 is a human foot, cut off at the ankle, under it the word TAH, emblematic of the subjection of all things to the Supreme being.'(ibid., vol. 2, pages 135-136)
'The word ... TAH, which appears on some of the Etruscan coins ... is the first person present of the auxiliary verb TA, 'I AM.' lt is remarkable that this name God gave to himself from the burning bush, I AM THAT I AM; and again -'Thus shall thou say unto the children of Israel I AM has sent me unto you.'-'This is my name forever.' (Ex. 3:14-15) (ibid., vol. 2, page 33)
Therefore, as Sir William points out, these coins represent worship of Yahweh, the Biblical 'I AM', the God of Israel; as such, the early colonists who founded the Etruscan civilization in Italy could only have been Israelites! These were not Phoenicians, the worshippers of 'Baal'. Note particularly the virtual identity of the ancient Hebrew, British Celtic, and early Etruscan worship of the True God. It is no accident that the Celtic 'TA', Etruscan 'TAH', and the similar Hebrew, 'YAH', all have identical meanings: the 'Self-Existent', or 'Ever-Living', and the 'I AM', showing their obvious connection. Our study, THE OLD TESTAMENT ROOTS OF EARLY EUROPEAN MYTHOLOGY, shows the arnazing similarity of their religious beliefs and customs.
HEBREW CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPE
Much evidence exists of ancient Israel in Europe. Our tract, ANCIENT ISRAEL IN SPAIN AND BRITAIN, presents information about Hebrew colonization of Spain in the time of Solornon, whose 'ships of Tarshish'(or Tartessus, another ancient name for Spain) are mentioned in the Bible. These traditions must have been strong, for the UNIVERSAL JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA (vol. 1, p. 316) informs us, 'John Sadler, a student of Oriental Literature, published in 1649 his RIGHTS OF THE KINGDOM, in which he endeavoured to show ... that the English are the descendants of Israelites. He explained the name "Britain" as being derived from the Phoenician BERAT ANAC ... He was evidently influenced by the tradition that in the time of Solomon, PHOENICIAN TRADERS, ACCOMPANIED BY HEBREWS, reached as far as England and bartered their wares for the tin obtained from the mines of Cornwall. England was therefore known to the Israelites and they may have sought a refuge there after the fall of their kingdom [by the Assyrians 762-676 B.C.]' Were a significant number of these early European colonists Hebrews? In ancient times, Israel was a nation several times larger and more populous than Phoenicia, as can be easily seen on Bible maps. It would seem obvious that the few small Phoenician city-states could never by themselves have settled all of the coastlands of Europe.
PROPHECY FULFILLED IN ISRAEL'S EUROPEAN COLONIES
Here are a few key promises of Scripture which were given by God to Israel, not to the Phoenicians. Whose descendants fulfilled them?
Israel was to become 'a multitude of nations,' Genesis 48:19; 'a company of nations,' Genesis 35:11 Where are these nations today, comprised of Israel's descendants, as foreordained in the unconditional Abrahamic covenant?
Israel was to move to a new home-land outside of Palestine. This prophecy, given in about 1042 B.C., states,
'Moreover,I will appoint a place for my people Israel and will plant them, that they may dwell in a place of their own, and move no more; neither shall the children of wickedness afflict them any more, as beforetime.' (II Sam. 7: 10)
History and Scripture clearly indicate a migration of Israelites north and west from Palestine. Isaiah 11:14 declares,
'they shall fly upon the shoulders of the Philistines toward the west...'
Israel was warned to flee the Mesopotamian power, Babylon, an obvious hint that many of them moved in the opposite direction - toward Europe! (Zech. 2:6-7)
Israel was to become a tremendous number of descendants,'as the sand on the sea shore.'(Gen. 32:12; Jer. 33:22; Hos. 1:10), and 'as the stars of heaven for multitude,'(Gen. 26:4., Ex. 32:13). Later Scripture affirms that was indeed taking place: 'God hath enlarged you as the sand on the sea shore ...' (Deut. 1:10) The Bible indicates a population of six million Israelites in ancient times before the Assyrian captivity. (See tract, THE REAL DIASPORA) The House of Israel disappeared from Palestine as 'lost tribes' and populated much of early Europe.
Europe was left virtually empty in ancient times, prepared for the great number of Israelites to be sent there in God's Providence.
'When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance; when He separated the Sons of Adam, He set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel.'(Deut. 32:8)
Israel was to expand in the seas: 'Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters, and thy footsteps are not known.'(Psa. 77:19) 'I will set his hand also in the sea, and his right hand in the rivers.' (Psa. 89:25) 'Ask of me, and I will give thee of the heathen for thy inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession.' (Psa. 2:8) 'We shall have dominion from sea to sea ...'(Psa.72:8) In light of the previous history given, how wonderfully have these promises of sea migration and colonization been fulfilled!
Israel had already settled colonies in the isles of the west when Jeremiah wrote this in circa 600 B.C.: 'Hear the word of the Lord, 0 ye nations and declare it in the ISLES afar off, and say, He that scattered Israel will gather him and keep him, as a shepherd does his flock.'(Jer. 31:10) True to prophecy, Israel was gathered to the great shepherd, Jesus Christ, through faith, and the Israel nations became known as Christendom, or 'Christ's Kingdom on earth'.
'Sing ... His praise from the end of the earth, ye that go down to the sea, and all that is therein; the ISLES and the inhabitants thereof ' (Isa. 42:10)
And they do!

Hebrew Tribes in America

2005-12-09T09:28:00.000-06:00

I remember when this was going on, it was not mentioned but a couple of times.

Missouri Cherokee Tribes proclaim Jewish Heritage! - press release on Press World

Religion
02/05/2003
Missouri Cherokee Tribes proclaim Jewish Heritage!
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:Missouri Cherokee Tribes proclaim Jewish Heritage!The Northern Cherokee Nation of the Old Louisiana Territory has recently shocked the world by claiming their ancient Oral legends tell of a Cherokee migration made to America from the area known as Masada.This startling evidence is being offered to the public by Beverly Baker Northup whom is the spokesperson for their organization. The evidence offered in support of this connection to Cherokees escaping the mountain fortress of Masada is based in part of what Northup claims is stories passed down from elders and the similarity between ancient words.Beverly Baker Northup believes there is a connection between these two peoples based on evidence of Hebrews of the region around Masada during Roman times wearing braided hair and the similarities that the spokesperson attributes to Hebrew language.In explaining this connection Beverly Baker Northup is quoted as saying:"The story has been kept alive among our Cherokee people that the Sicarii who escaped from Masada, are some of our ancestors who managed to cross the water to this land, and later became known as Cherokees. (Please note the phonetic resemblance of Si'cari'i and, Cherokee or Tsa'ra-gi'.)"Northup claims that the famous scholar Josephus wrote that there were escapees from Masada in which the spokesperson for the Northern Cherokee states that this is evidence that gives credence to this connection between the Cherokee Indians and the Jews.In addition to other startling claims, there is also the belief by the Northern Cherokee that a rock that was uncovered in Tennessee in 1889 that is named the Bat Creek Stone, proves a transatlantic connection to Jews. Northup believes that the scratched writings on the rock indicate that the stone is evidence of a first century Atlantic Crossing to America by these escaped Jews that later became known as the Northern Cherokee Indians.The Northern Cherokee attempted to gain full legislative recognition in the State of Missouri in 1985 that was eventually vetoed by Governor John Ashcroft. Governor Ashcroft made the following statement concerning his decision to veto the recognition of the Northern Cherokee:"The Federal Government has traditionally exercised authority with respect to Indian Affairs. I am not persuaded that the state has such a substantial interest in this area that it should become involved in the recognition of Indian tribes."Sources among some federally recognized Indian Tribes have stated that Mr. Ashcroft's comments were 50% correct and should be referred to from time to time. END..

Within the past 17 years there have been a total of 5 thousand American Indians who have made Aliyah to Israel from at least 7 tribes. But the American and Israeli government refuse to speculate or comment on the subject. The two Governments have been asked why the SHH SHH on the subject of American Indians making Aliyah to there homeland.. Ebal.

Apostle St. Thomas in India

2005-12-06T21:30:00.000-06:00

Apostle St. Thomas in India

At the St. Thomas Day celebration in New Delhi on December 18, 1955, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the then President of India, said: "St. Thomas came to India when many of the countries of Europe had not yet become Christian, and so those Indians who trace their Christianity to him have a longer history and a higher ancestry than that of Christians of many of the European countries."

It would be appropriate to cite here an extract from the radio message of Pope Pius XII on 31 December, 1952 on the occasion of the 19th century celebrations of the arrival of the Apostle in India: "Nineteen hundred years have passed since the Apostle came to India [...] During the centuries that India was cut off from the West and despite many trying vicissitudes, the Christian communities formed by the Apostle conserved intact the legacy he left them [...] This apostolic lineage, beloved sons and daughters, is the proud privilege of the many among you who glory in the name of Thomas Christians and we are happy on this occasion to acknowledge and bear witness to it."

There are people who doubt about the apostolate of St. Thomas in India. However, according to the tradition, St. Thomas, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ, came to India in 52 A.D., and landed at Kodungallur on the Malabar (presently Kerala) coast. He preached the Gospel to the Brahmin families of Kerala, many of whom received the faith. He established seven Churches there: Kodungallur, Kottakkavu, Palayur, Kollam, Kokkamangalam, Niranam and Chayil. It is also a tradition that he frequently visited Malayattoor hills for prayer. Later, he moved on to the east coast of India. He was martyred in 72 A.D. by a fanatic at Little Mount (near Madras) and his body was brought to Mylapore (near Madras) and was buried there. His tomb is venerated until this day.

This tradition is confirmed by the testimonies of many of the Fathers of the Church. It was not difficult for the Apostle to come to India, because extensive trade relations existed between Malabar and the Mediterranean countries even before the Christian Era. There is nothing to contradict this tradition.

Trade Relationships

Extensive trade relations existed between Malabar and the Mediterranean countries even before the Christian era. The numerous golden coins of the Roman Empire which have been found all over the south, as well as many recent discoveries, offer abundant proof that Roman trade centers existed along the southern coasts of India. While King Solomon was ruling over the Israelites (B.C. 970-930), his warships brought back to his country valuable merchandise supposed to be from Muziris (Cranganore), a defunct international port of Malabar. While discussing the dealings of the Phoenicians with Muziris, the Roman historian Pliny (A.D. 23-79) complained that every year they were sending large sum of money to India for silk, pearls, gems and spices. He also remarked that the Malabar ships were visiting the Persian Gulf, Aden, the Red Sea and Egypt. Pliny, Ptolemy (A.D. 100-160) and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea give much detailed information about the trading centers of Malabar. Diplomatic relations between India and Roman Empire existed even before the Christian era. There were Jewish colonies in Malabar in the first century.

Traditions

According to the Acts of Judas-Thomas, which probably originated in the last quarter of the second century A.D. or the first years of the third, the Apostle St. Thomas preached the Gospel in the land of Gundaphares, a Parthian King, during the second quarter of the first century.

Besides this literary tradition favoring a Thomistic apostolate on the north-west borders of Hindustan, there is another, in favor of his preaching among the Dravidian populations of the south where there is the living presence of a strong body of Christians. The findings of Palayur, Arthad, Nilamperur, and so on, the sanctuary of Mylapore venerated as the Martyrium of the Apostle, all bear strong testimony to the reliability of the local tradition of Malabar. It is believed that the bones of the Apostle were removed from India to Edessa during the lifetime of the king under whom he suffered martyrdom. According to Cardinal Parecattil, the first Cardinal of the Thomas Christians, the apostolate of St. Thomas in India is "a tradition not written in papyrus, not carved on stone but buried in the hearts of his (St. Thomas) spiritual children from whom it can never be removed." From time immemorial these Christians were called "Thomas Christians". Tradition has it that the Apostle ordained two bishops, Kepha and Paul, respectively for Malabar and Coromandal (Mylapore). This supposedly marks the beginnings of the first hierarchy of India.

Testimonies

The testimonies of Eusebius (early 4th cent.) and St. Jerome (342-420 A.D.) about the mission of Pantaenus, a Christian philosopher sent by bishop Demetrius of Alexandria, "to preach Christ to the Brahmins and to the philosophers of India" in A.D. 190 affirms the tradition. The testimonies of the Fathers of the Church like St. Ephrem (306-373 A.D.), St. Gregory of Nazianze (324-390 A.D.), St. Ambrose (333-397 A.D.), St. Jerome, St. Gregory of Tours (6th cent.) and Isidore of Seville (7th cent.) are also notable. In various ways, they speak about the apostolate of St. Thomas, about the Christians of India, and about the priestly succession there. This is also attested to by several ecclesiastical calendars, martyrologies and other liturgical books of the Coptic, Greek, Latin and Mesopotamian Churches.